Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces

Eskandar Naraghirad; Jen-Chih Yao

doi:10.1186/1687-1812-2013-141

Research
Open Access

Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces

Eskandar Naraghirad^{1, 2} and
Jen-Chih Yao^{3, 4}Email author

Fixed Point Theory and Applications20132013:141

https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-141

Received: 25 April 2013
Accepted: 9 May 2013
Published: 30 May 2013

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a new class of mappings called Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings and propose new hybrid iterative algorithms for finding common fixed points of an infinite family of such mappings in Banach spaces. We prove strong convergence theorems for the sequences produced by the methods. Furthermore, we apply our method to prove strong convergence theorems of iterative algorithms for finding common fixed points of finitely many Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings in reflexive Banach spaces. These algorithms take into account possible computational errors. We also apply our main results to solve equilibrium problems in reflexive Banach spaces. Finally, we study hybrid iterative schemes for finding common solutions of an equilibrium problem, fixed points of an infinite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings and null spaces of a γ-inverse strongly monotone mapping in 2-uniformly convex Banach spaces. Some application of our results to the solution of equations of Hammerstein-type is presented. Our results improve and generalize many known results in the current literature.

MSC:47H10, 37C25.

Keywords

Bregman function
uniformly convex function
uniformly smooth function
fixed point
strong convergence
Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping

1 Introduction

The hybrid projection method was first introduced by Hangazeau in [1]. In a series of papers [2–12], authors investigated the hybrid projection method and proved strong and weak convergence theorems for the sequences produced by their method. The shrinking projection method, which is a generalization of the hybrid projection method, was first introduced by Takahashi et al. in [13]. Throughout this paper, we denote the set of real numbers and the set of positive integers by ℝ and ℕ, respectively. Let E be a Banach space with the norm

∥ \cdot ∥

and the dual space

E^{*}

. For any

x \in E

, we denote the value of

x^{*} \in E^{*}

at x by

〈 x, x^{*} 〉

. Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

be a sequence in E. We denote the strong convergence of

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

to

x \in E

as

n \to \infty

by

x_{n} \to x

and the weak convergence by

x_{n} ⇀ x

. The modulus δ of convexity of E is denoted by

δ (ϵ) = inf {1 - \frac{∥ x + y ∥}{2} : ∥ x ∥ \leq 1, ∥ y ∥ \leq 1, ∥ x - y ∥ \geq ϵ}

for every ϵ with

0 \leq ϵ \leq 2

. A Banach space E is said to be uniformly convex if

δ (ϵ) > 0

for every

ϵ > 0

. Let

S_{E} = {x \in E : ∥ x ∥ = 1}

. The norm of E is said to be Gâteaux differentiable if for each

x, y \in S_{E}

, the limit

lim_{t \to 0} \frac{∥ x + t y ∥ - ∥ x ∥}{t}

(1.1)

exists. In this case, E is called smooth. If the limit (1.1) is attained uniformly for all $x, y \in S_{E}$ , then E is called uniformly smooth. The Banach space E is said to be strictly convex if $∥ \frac{x + y}{2} ∥ < 1$ whenever $x, y \in S_{E}$ and $x \neq y$ . It is well known that E is uniformly convex if and only if $E^{*}$ is uniformly smooth. It is also known that if E is reflexive, then E is strictly convex if and only if $E^{*}$ is smooth; for more details, see [14, 15].

Let C be a nonempty subset of E. Let

T : C \to E

be a mapping. We denote the set of fixed points of T by

F (T)

, i.e.,

F (T) = {x \in C : T x = x}

. A mapping

T : C \to E

is said to be nonexpansive if

∥ T x - T y ∥ \leq ∥ x - y ∥

for all

x, y \in C

. A mapping

T : C \to E

is said to be quasi-nonexpansive if

F (T) \neq \emptyset

and

∥ T x - y ∥ \leq ∥ x - y ∥

for all

x \in C

and

y \in F (T)

. The concept of nonexpansivity plays an important role in the study of Mann-type iteration [16] for finding fixed points of a mapping

T : C \to C

. Recall that the Mann-type iteration is given by the following formula:

x_{n + 1} = γ_{n} T x_{n} + (1 - γ_{n}) x_{n}, x_{1} \in C .

(1.2)

Here, ${γ_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is a sequence of real numbers in $[0, 1]$ satisfying some appropriate conditions. The construction of fixed points of nonexpansive mappings via Mann’s algorithm [16] has been extensively investigated recently in the current literature (see, for example, [17] and the references therein). In [17], Reich proved the following interesting result.

Theorem 1.1 Let C be a closed and convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space E with a Fréchet differentiable norm, let $T : C \to C$ be a nonexpansive mapping with a fixed point, and let $γ_{n}$ be a sequence of real numbers such that $γ_{n} \in [0, 1]$ and $\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} γ_{n} (1 - γ_{n}) = \infty$ . Then the sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ generated by Mann’s algorithm (1.2) converges weakly to a fixed point of T.

However, the convergence of the sequence

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

generated by Mann’s algorithm (1.2) is in general not strong (see a counterexample in [18]; see also [19]). Some attempts to modify the Mann iteration method (1.2) so that strong convergence is guaranteed have recently been made. Bauschke and Combettes [4] proposed the following modification of the Mann iteration method for a single nonexpansive mapping T in a Hilbert space H:

{\begin{matrix} x_{0} = x \in C, \\ y_{n} = α_{n} x_{n} + (1 - α_{n}) T x_{n}, \\ C_{n} = {z \in C_{n} : ∥ z - y_{n} ∥ \leq ∥ z - x_{n} ∥}, \\ Q_{n} = {z \in C : 〈 x_{n} - z, x - x_{n} 〉 \geq 0}, \\ x_{n + 1} = P_{C_{n} \cap Q_{n}} x, \end{matrix}

(1.3)

where C is a closed and convex subset of H, $P_{Q}$ denotes the metric projection from H onto a closed and convex subset Q of H. They proved that if the sequence ${α_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is bounded above from one, then the sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ generated by (1.3) converges strongly to $P_{F (T)} x$ as $n \to \infty$ .

Let E be a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space and let J be a normalized duality mapping of E. Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of E. The generalized projection

Π_{C}

from E onto C [20] is defined and denoted by

Π_{C} (x) = \underset{y \in C}{arg min} ϕ (y, x),

where $ϕ (x, y) = {∥ x ∥}^{2} - 2 〈 x, J y 〉 + {∥ y ∥}^{2}$ . Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a smooth Banach space E, let T be a mapping from C into itself. A point $p \in C$ is said to be an asymptotic fixed point [21] of T if there exists a sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ in C which converges weakly to p and ${lim}_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n} - T x_{n} ∥ = 0$ . We denote the set of all asymptotic fixed points of T by $\hat{F} (T)$ . A point $p \in C$ is called a strong asymptotic fixed point of T if there exists a sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ in C which converges strongly to p and ${lim}_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n} - T x_{n} ∥ = 0$ . We denote the set of all strong asymptotic fixed points of T by $\tilde{F} (T)$ .

Following Matsushita and Takahashi [22], a mapping

T : C \to C

is said to be relatively nonexpansive if the following conditions are satisfied:

(1)

$F (T)$ is nonempty;
(2)

$ϕ (u, T x) \leq ϕ (u, x)$ , $\forall u \in F (T)$ , $x \in C$ ;
(3)

$\hat{F} (T) = F (T)$ .

In 2005, Matsushita and Takahashi [22] proved the following strong convergence theorem for relatively nonexpansive mappings in a Banach space.

Theorem 1.2 Let E be a uniformly smooth and uniformly convex Banach space, let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of E, let T be a relatively nonexpansive mapping from C into itself, and let

{α_{n}}_{n \in N}

be a sequence of real numbers such that

0 \leq α_{n} < 1

and

{lim sup}_{n \to \infty} α_{n} < 1

. Suppose that

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

is given by

{\begin{matrix} x_{0} = x \in C, \\ y_{n} = J^{- 1} (α_{n} J x_{n} + (1 - α_{n}) J T x_{n}), \\ H_{n} = {z \in C_{n} : ϕ (z, y_{n}) \leq ϕ (z, x_{n})}, \\ W_{n} = {z \in C : 〈 x_{n} - z, J x - J x_{n} 〉 \geq 0}, \\ x_{n + 1} = Π_{H_{n} \cap W_{n}} x . \end{matrix}

(1.4)

If $F (T)$ is nonempty, then ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ converges strongly to $Π_{F (T)} x$ .

1.1 Some facts about gradient

For any convex function

g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]

we denote the domain of g by

dom g = {x \in E : g (x) < \infty}

. For any

x \in int dom g

and any

y \in E

, we denote by

g^{0} (x, y)

the right-hand derivative of g at x in the direction y, that is,

g^{0} (x, y) = lim_{t ↓ 0} \frac{g (x + t y) - g (x)}{t} .

(1.5)

The function g is said to be Gâteaux differentiable at x if

{lim}_{t \to 0} \frac{g (x + t y) - g (x)}{t}

exists for any y. In this case,

g^{0} (x, y)

coincides with

\nabla g (x)

, the value of the gradient ∇g of g at x. The function g is said to be Gâteaux differentiable if it is Gâteaux differentiable everywhere. The function g is said to be Fréchet differentiable at x if this limit is attained uniformly in

∥ y ∥ = 1

. The function g is Fréchet differentiable at

x \in E

(see, for example, [[23], p.13] or [[24], p.508]) if for all

ϵ > 0

, there exists

δ > 0

such that

∥ y - x ∥ \leq δ

implies that

| g (y) - g (x) - 〈 y - x, \nabla g (x) 〉 | \leq ϵ ∥ y - x ∥ .

The function g is said to be Fréchet differentiable if it is Fréchet differentiable everywhere. It is well known that if a continuous convex function

g : E \to R

is Gâteaux differentiable, then ∇g is norm-to-weak^∗ continuous (see, for example, [[23], Proposition 1.1.10]). Also, it is known that if g is Fréchet differentiable, then ∇g is norm-to-norm continuous (see [[24], p.508]). The mapping ∇g is said to be weakly sequentially continuous if

x_{n} ⇀ x

as

n \to \infty

implies that

\nabla g (x_{n}) ⇀^{*} \nabla g (x)

as

n \to \infty

(for more details, see [[23], Theorem 3.2.4] or [[24], p.508]). The function g is said to be strongly coercive if

lim_{∥ x_{n} ∥ \to \infty} \frac{g (x_{n})}{∥ x_{n} ∥} = \infty .

It is also said to be bounded on bounded subsets of E if $g (U)$ is bounded for each bounded subset U of E. Finally, g is said to be uniformly Fréchet differentiable on a subset X of E if the limit (1.5) is attained uniformly for all $x \in X$ and $∥ y ∥ = 1$ .

Let $A : E \to 2^{E^{*}}$ be a set-valued mapping. We define the domain and range of A by $dom A = {x \in E : A x \neq \emptyset}$ and $ran A = ⋃_{x \in E} A x$ , respectively. The graph of A is denoted by $G (A) = {(x, x^{*}) \in E \times E^{*} : x^{*} \in A x}$ . The mapping $A \subset E \times E^{*}$ is said to be monotone [25] if $〈 x - y, x^{*} - y^{*} 〉 \geq 0$ whenever $(x, x^{*}), (y, y^{*}) \in A$ . It is also said to be maximal monotone [26] if its graph is not contained in the graph of any other monotone operator on E. If $A \subset E \times E^{*}$ is maximal monotone, then we can show that the set $A^{- 1} 0 = {z \in E : 0 \in A z}$ is closed and convex. A mapping $A : dom A \subset E \to E^{*}$ is called γ-inverse strongly monotone if there exists a positive real number γ such that for all $x, y \in dom A$ , $〈 x - y, A x - A y 〉 \geq γ {∥ A x - A y ∥}^{2}$ .

1.2 Some facts about Legendre functions

Let E be a reflexive Banach space. For any proper, lower semicontinuous and convex function

g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]

, the conjugate function

g^{*}

of g is defined by

g^{*} (x^{*}) = sup_{x \in E} {〈 x, x^{*} 〉 - g (x)}

for all

x^{*} \in E^{*}

. It is well known that

g (x) + g^{*} (x^{*}) \geq 〈 x, x^{*} 〉

for all

(x, x^{*}) \in E \times E^{*}

. It is also known that

(x, x^{*}) \in \partial g

is equivalent to

g (x) + g^{*} (x^{*}) = 〈 x, x^{*} 〉 .

(1.6)

Here, ∂g is the subdifferential of g [27, 28]. We also know that if $g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]$ is a proper, lower semicontinuous and convex function, then $g^{*} : E^{*} \to (- \infty, + \infty]$ is a proper, weak^∗ lower semicontinuous and convex function; see [15] for more details on convex analysis.

Let

g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]

be a mapping. The function g is said to be:

(i)

essentially smooth, if ∂g is both locally bounded and single-valued on its domain;
(ii)

essentially strictly convex, if ${(\partial g)}^{- 1}$ is locally bounded on its domain and g is strictly convex on every convex subset of $dom \partial g$ ;
(iii)

Legendre, if it is both essentially smooth and essentially strictly convex (for more details, we refer to [[29], Definition 5.2]).

If E is a reflexive Banach space and

g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]

is a Legendre function, then in view of [[30], p.83],

\nabla g^{*} = {(\nabla g)}^{- 1}, ran \nabla g = dom g^{*} = int dom g^{*} and ran \nabla g = int dom g .

Examples of Legendre functions are given in [29, 31]. One important and interesting Legendre function is $\frac{1}{s} {∥ \cdot ∥}^{s}$ ( $1 < s < \infty$ ), where the Banach space E is smooth and strictly convex and, in particular, a Hilbert space.

1.3 Some facts about Bregman distance

Let E be a Banach space and let

E^{*}

be the dual space of E. Let

g : E \to R

be a convex and Gâteaux differentiable function. Then the Bregman distance [32, 33] corresponding to g is the function

D_{g} : E \times E \to R

defined by

D_{g} (x, y) = g (x) - g (y) - 〈 x - y, \nabla g (y) 〉, \forall x, y \in E .

(1.7)

It is clear that $D_{g} (x, y) \geq 0$ for all $x, y \in E$ . In that case when E is a smooth Banach space, setting $g (x) = {∥ x ∥}^{2}$ for all $x \in E$ , we obtain that $\nabla g (x) = 2 J x$ for all $x \in E$ and hence $D_{g} (x, y) = ϕ (x, y)$ for all $x, y \in E$ .

Let E be a Banach space and let C be a nonempty and convex subset of E. Let

g : E \to R

be a convex and Gâteaux differentiable function. Then we know from [34] that for

x \in E

and

x_{0} \in C

,

D_{g} (x_{0}, x) = {min}_{y \in C} D_{g} (y, x)

if and only if

〈 y - x_{0}, \nabla g (x) - \nabla g (x_{0}) 〉 \leq 0, \forall y \in C .

(1.8)

Furthermore, if C is a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a reflexive Banach space E and

g : E \to R

is a strongly coercive Bregman function, then for each

x \in E

, there exists a unique

x_{0} \in C

such that

D_{g} (x_{0}, x) = min_{y \in C} D_{g} (y, x) .

The Bregman projection

{proj}_{C}^{g}

from E onto C is defined by

{proj}_{C}^{g} (x) = x_{0}

for all

x \in E

. It is also well known that

{proj}_{C}^{g}

has the following property:

D_{g} (y, {proj}_{C}^{g} x) + D_{g} ({proj}_{C}^{g} x, x) \leq D_{g} (y, x)

(1.9)

for all $y \in C$ and $x \in E$ (see [23] for more details).

1.4 Some facts about uniformly convex and totally convex functions

Let E be a Banach space and let

B_{r} : = {z \in E : ∥ z ∥ \leq r}

for all

r > 0

. Then a function

g : E \to R

is said to be uniformly convex on bounded subsets of E [[35], pp.203, 221] if

ρ_{r} (t) > 0

for all

r, t > 0

, where

ρ_{r} : [0, + \infty) \to [0, \infty]

is defined by

ρ_{r} (t) = inf_{x, y \in B_{r}, ∥ x - y ∥ = t, α \in (0, 1)} \frac{α g (x) + (1 - α) g (y) - g (α x + (1 - α) y)}{α (1 - α)}

for all

t \geq 0

. The function

ρ_{r}

is called the gauge of uniform convexity of g. The function g is also said to be uniformly smooth on bounded subsets of E [[35], pp.207, 221] if

{lim}_{t ↓ 0} \frac{σ_{r} (t)}{t} = 0

for all

r > 0

, where

σ_{r} : [0, + \infty) \to [0, \infty]

is defined by

σ_{r} (t) = sup_{x \in B_{r}, y \in S_{E}, α \in (0, 1)} \frac{α g (x + (1 - α) t y) + (1 - α) g (x - α t y) - g (x)}{α (1 - α)}

for all

t \geq 0

. The function g is said to be uniformly convex if the function

δ_{g} : [0, + \infty) \to [0, + \infty]

, defined by

δ_{g} (t) : = sup {\frac{1}{2} g (x) + \frac{1}{2} g (y) - g (\frac{x + y}{2}) : ∥ y - x ∥ = t},

satisfies that ${lim}_{t ↓ 0} \frac{σ_{r} (t)}{t} = 0$ .

Remark 1.1 Let E be a Banach space, let

r > 0

be a constant and let

g : E \to R

be a convex function which is uniformly convex on bounded subsets. Then

g (α x + (1 - α) y) \leq α g (x) + (1 - α) g (y) - α (1 - α) ρ_{r} (∥ x - y ∥)

for all $x, y \in B_{r}$ and $α \in (0, 1)$ , where $ρ_{r}$ is the gauge of uniform convexity of g.

Let

g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]

be a convex and Gâteaux differentiable function. Recall that, in view of [[23], Section 1.2, p.17] (see also [36]), the function g is called totally convex at a point

x \in int dom g

if its modulus of total convexity at x, that is, the function

v_{g} : int dom g \times [0, + \infty) \to [0, + \infty)

, defined by

v_{g} (x, t) : = inf {D_{g} (y, x) : y \in int  dom g, ∥ y - x ∥ = t},

is positive whenever

t > 0

. The function g is called totally convex when it is totally convex at every point

x \in int dom g

. Moreover, the function f is called totally convex on bounded subsets of E if

v_{g} (x, t) > 0

for any bounded subset X of E and for any

t > 0

, where the modulus of total convexity of the function g on the set X is the function

v_{g} : int dom g \times [0, + \infty) \to [0, + \infty)

defined by

v_{g} (X, t) : = inf {v_{g} (x, t) : x \in X \cap int dom g} .

It is well known that any uniformly convex function is totally convex, but the converse is not true in general (see [[23], Section 1.3, p.30]).

It is also well known that g is totally convex on bounded subsets if and only if g is uniformly convex on bounded subsets (see [[37], Theorem 2.10, p.9]).

Examples of totally convex functions can be found, for instance, in [23, 37].

1.5 Some facts about resolvent

Let E be a reflexive Banach space with the dual space

E^{*}

and let

g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]

be a proper, lower semicontinuous and convex function. Let A be a maximal monotone operator from E to

E^{*}

. For any

r > 0

, let the mapping

{Res}_{r A}^{g} : E \to dom A

be defined by

{Res}_{r A}^{g} = {(\nabla g + r A)}^{- 1} \nabla g .

The mapping ${Res}_{r A}^{g}$ is called the g-resolvent of A (see [38]). It is well known that $A^{- 1} (0) = F ({Res}_{r A}^{g})$ for each $r > 0$ (for more details, see, for example, [14]).

Examples and some important properties of such operators are discussed in [39].

1.6 Some facts about Bregman quasi-nonexpansive mappings

Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a reflexive Banach space E. Let

g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]

be a proper, lower semicontinuous and convex function. Recall that a mapping

T : C \to C

is said to be Bregman quasi-nonexpansive [40] if

F (T) \neq \emptyset

and

D_{g} (p, T x) \leq D_{g} (p, x), \forall x \in C, p \in F (T) .

A mapping

T : C \to C

is said to be Bregman relatively nonexpansive [40] if the following conditions are satisfied:

(1)

$F (T)$ is nonempty;
(2)

$D_{g} (p, T v) \leq D_{g} (p, v)$ , $\forall p \in F (T)$ , $v \in C$ ;
(3)

$\hat{F} (T) = F (T)$ .

Now, we are in a position to introduce the following new class of Bregman quasi-nonexpansive type mappings. A mapping

T : C \to C

is said to be Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive if the following conditions are satisfied:

(1)

$F (T)$ is nonempty;
(2)

$D_{g} (p, T v) \leq D_{g} (p, v)$ , $\forall p \in F (T)$ , $v \in C$ ;
(3)

$\tilde{F} (T) = F (T)$ .

It is clear that any Bregman relatively nonexpansive mapping is a Bregman quasi-nonexpansive mapping. It is also obvious that every Bregman relatively nonexpansive mapping is a Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping, but the converse in not true in general. Indeed, for any mapping $T : C \to C$ , we have $F (T) \subset \tilde{F} (T) \subset \hat{F} (T)$ . If T is Bregman relatively nonexpansive, then $F (T) = \tilde{F} (T) = \hat{F} (T)$ . Below we show that there exists a Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping which is not a Bregman relatively nonexpansive mapping.

Example 1.1 Let

E = l^{2}

, where

\begin{matrix} l^{2} = {σ = (σ_{1}, σ_{2}, \dots, σ_{n}, \dots) : \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} {∥ σ_{n} ∥}^{2} < \infty}, ∥ σ ∥ = {(\sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} {∥ σ_{n} ∥}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}, \forall σ \in l^{2}, \\ 〈 σ, η 〉 = \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} σ_{n} η_{n}, \forall δ = (σ_{1}, σ_{2}, \dots, σ_{n}, \dots), η = (η_{1}, η_{2}, \dots, η_{n}, \dots) \in l^{2} . \end{matrix}

Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N \cup {0}} \subset E

be a sequence defined by

\begin{matrix} x_{0} = (1, 0, 0, 0, \dots), \\ x_{1} = (1, 1, 0, 0, 0, \dots), \\ x_{2} = (1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, \dots), \\ x_{3} = (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, \dots), \\ \dots, \\ x_{n} = (σ_{n, 1}, σ_{n, 2}, \dots, σ_{n, k}, \dots), \\ \dots, \end{matrix}

where

σ_{n, k} = {\begin{matrix} 1 & if k = 1, n + 1, \\ 0 & if k \neq 1, k \neq n + 1 \end{matrix}

for all

n \in N

. It is clear that the sequence

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

converges weakly to

x_{0}

. Indeed, for any

Λ = (λ_{1}, λ_{2}, \dots, λ_{n}, \dots) \in l^{2} = {(l^{2})}^{*}

, we have

Λ (x_{n} - x_{0}) = 〈 x_{n} - x_{0}, Λ 〉 = \sum_{k = 2}^{\infty} λ_{k} σ_{n, k} \to 0

as

n \to \infty

. It is also obvious that

∥ x_{n} - x_{m} ∥ = \sqrt{2}

for any

n \neq m

with n, m sufficiently large. Thus,

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

is not a Cauchy sequence. Let k be an even number in ℕ and let

g : E \to R

be defined by

g (x) = \frac{1}{k} {∥ x ∥}^{k}, x \in E .

It is easy to show that

\nabla g (x) = J_{k} (x)

for all

x \in E

, where

J_{k} (x) = {x^{*} \in E^{*} : 〈 x, x^{*} 〉 = ∥ x ∥ ∥ x^{*} ∥, ∥ x^{*} ∥ = {∥ x ∥}^{k - 1}} .

It is also obvious that

J_{k} (λ x) = λ^{k - 1} J_{k} (x), \forall x \in E, λ \in R .

Now, we define a mapping

T : E \to E

by

T (x) = {\begin{matrix} \frac{n}{n + 1} x & if x = x_{n}; \\ - x & if x \neq x_{n} . \end{matrix}

It is clear that

F (T) = {0}

and for any

n \in N

,

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (0, T x_{n}) & = g (0) - g (T x_{n}) - 〈 0 - T x_{n}, \nabla g (T x_{n}) 〉 \\ = - \frac{n^{k}}{{(n + 1)}^{k}} g (x_{n}) + \frac{n^{k}}{{(n + 1)}^{k}} 〈 x_{n}, \nabla g (x_{n}) 〉 \\ = \frac{n^{k}}{{(n + 1)}^{k}} [- g (x_{n}) + 〈 x, \nabla g (x_{n}) 〉] \\ = \frac{n^{k}}{{(n + 1)}^{k}} D_{g} (0, x_{n}) \\ \leq D_{g} (0, x_{n}) . \end{aligned}

If

x \neq x_{n}

, then we have

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (0, T x) & = g (0) - g (T x) - 〈 0 - T x, \nabla g (T x) 〉 \\ = - g (x) - 〈 x, - \nabla g (x) 〉 \\ = - g (x) - 〈 - x, \nabla g (x) 〉 \\ = D_{g} (0, x) . \end{aligned}

Therefore, T is a Bregman quasi-nonexpansive mapping. Next, we claim that T is a Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping. Indeed, for any sequence ${z_{n}}_{n \in N} \subset E$ such that $z_{n} \to z_{0}$ and $∥ z_{n} - T z_{n} ∥ \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$ , since ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is not a Cauchy sequence, there exists a sufficiently large number $N \in N$ such that $z_{n} \neq x_{m}$ for any $n, m > N$ . If we suppose that there exists $m \leq N$ such that $z_{n} = x_{m}$ for infinitely many $n \in N$ , then a subsequence ${x_{n_{i}}}_{i \in N}$ would satisfy $z_{n_{i}} = x_{m}$ , so $z_{0} = {lim}_{i \to \infty} z_{n_{i}} = x_{m}$ and $z_{0} = {lim}_{i \to \infty} T z_{n_{i}} = T x_{m} = \frac{m}{m + 1} x_{m}$ , which is impossible. This implies that $T z_{n} = - z_{n}$ for all $n > N$ . It follows from $∥ z_{n} - T z_{n} ∥ \to 0$ that $2 z_{n} \to 0$ and hence $z_{n} \to z_{0} = 0$ . Since $z_{0} \in F (T)$ , we conclude that T is a Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping.

Finally, we show that T is not Bregman relatively nonexpansive. In fact, though

x_{n} ⇀ x_{0}

and

∥ x_{n} - T x_{n} ∥ = ∥ x_{n} - \frac{n}{n + 1} x_{n} ∥ = \frac{1}{n + 1} ∥ x_{n} ∥ \to 0

as $n \to \infty$ , but $x_{0} \notin F (T)$ . Thus we have $\hat{F} (T) \neq F (T)$ .

Let us give an example of a Bregman quasi-nonexpansive mapping which is neither a Bregman relatively nonexpansive mapping nor a Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping (see also [41]).

Example 1.2 Let E be a smooth Banach space, let k be an even number in ℕ and let

g : E \to R

be defined by

g (x) = \frac{1}{k} {∥ x ∥}^{k}, x \in E .

Let

x_{0} \neq 0

be any element of E. We define a mapping

T : E \to E

by

T (x) = {\begin{matrix} (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^{n + 1}}) x_{0} & if x = (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^{n}}) x_{0}; \\ - x & if x \neq (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^{n}}) x_{0} \end{matrix}

for all

n \geq 0

. It could easily be seen that T is neither a Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping nor a Bregman relatively nonexpansive mapping. To this end, we set

x_{n} = (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^{n}}) x_{0}, \forall n \in N .

Though

x_{n} \to \frac{1}{2} x_{0}

(

x_{n} ⇀ \frac{1}{2} x_{0}

) as

n \to \infty

and

∥ x_{n} - T x_{n} ∥ = ∥ (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^{n}}) x_{0} - (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^{n + 1}}) x_{0} ∥ = \frac{1}{2^{n - 1}} ∥ x_{0} ∥ \to 0

as $n \to \infty$ , but $\frac{1}{2} x_{0} \notin F (T)$ . Therefore, $\hat{F} (T) \neq F (T)$ and $\tilde{F} (T) \neq F (T)$ .

In [42], Bauschke and Combettes introduced an iterative method to construct the Bregman projection of a point onto a countable intersection of closed and convex sets in reflexive Banach spaces. They proved a strong convergence theorem of the sequence produced by their method; for more detail, see [[42], Theorem 4.7].

In [40], Reich and Sabach introduced a proximal method for finding common zeros of finitely many maximal monotone operators in a reflexive Banach space. More precisely, they proved the following strong convergence theorem.

Theorem 1.3 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

A_{i} : E \to 2^{E^{*}}

,

i = 1, 2, \dots, N

, be N maximal monotone operators such that

Z : = ⋂_{i = 1}^{N} A_{i}^{- 1} (0^{*}) \neq \emptyset

. Let

g : E \to R

be a Legendre function that is bounded, uniformly Fréchet differentiable and totally convex on bounded subsets of E. Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

be a sequence defined by the following iterative algorithm:

{\begin{matrix} x_{0} \in E chosen arbitrarily, \\ y_{n}^{i} = {Res}_{λ_{n}^{i} A_{i}}^{g} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{i}), \\ C_{n}^{i} = {z \in E : D_{g} (z, y_{n}^{i}) \leq D_{g} (z, x_{n} + e_{n}^{i})}, \\ C_{n} : = ⋂_{i = 1}^{N} C_{n}^{i}, \\ Q_{n} = {z \in E : 〈 \nabla g (x_{0}) - \nabla g (x_{n}), z - x_{n} 〉 \leq 0}, \\ x_{n + 1} = {proj}_{C_{n} \cap Q_{n}}^{g} x_{0} and n \in N \cup {0} . \end{matrix}

(1.10)

If, for each $i = 1, 2, \dots, N$ , ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} λ_{n}^{i} > 0$ and the sequences of errors ${e_{n}^{i}}_{n \in N} \subset E$ satisfy ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} e_{n}^{i} = 0$ , then each such sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ converges strongly to ${proj}_{Z}^{g} (x_{0})$ as $n \to \infty$ .

Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a reflexive Banach space E. Let

g : E \to (- \infty, + \infty]

be a proper, lower semicontinuous and convex function. Recall that a mapping

T : C \to C

is said to be Bregman firmly nonexpansive (for short, BFNE) if

D_{g} (T x, T y) + D_{g} (T y, T x) + D_{g} (T x, x) + D_{g} (T y, y) \leq D_{g} (T x, y) + D_{g} (T y, x)

for all

x, y \in C

. The mapping T is called quasi-Bregman firmly nonexpansive (for short, QBFNE) [43], if

F (T) \neq \emptyset

and

D_{g} (p, T x) + D_{g} (T x, x) \leq D_{g} (p, x)

for all $x \in C$ and $p \in F (T)$ . It is clear that any quasi-Bregman firmly nonexpansive mapping is Bregman quasi-nonexpansive. For more information on Bregman firmly nonexpansive mappings, we refer the readers to [38, 44]. In [44], Reich and Sabach proved that for any BFNE operator T, $\hat{F} (T) = F (T)$ .

In [43], Reich and Sabach introduced a Mann-type process to approximate fixed points of quasi-Bregman firmly nonexpansive mappings defined on a nonempty, closed and convex subset C of a reflexive Banach space E. More precisely, they proved the following theorem.

Theorem 1.4 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

T_{i} : E \to E

,

i = 1, 2, \dots, N

, be N QBFNE operators which satisfy

F (T_{i}) = \hat{F} (T_{i})

for each

1 \leq i \leq N

and

F : = ⋂_{i = 1}^{N} F (T_{i}) \neq \emptyset

. Let

g : E \to R

be a Legendre function that is bounded, uniformly Fréchet differentiable and totally convex on bounded subsets of E. Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

be a sequence defined by the following iterative algorithm:

{\begin{matrix} x_{0} \in E chosen arbitrarily, \\ Q_{0}^{i} = E, i = 1, 2, \dots, N, \\ y_{n}^{i} = T_{i} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{i}), \\ Q_{n + 1}^{i} = {z \in Q_{n}^{i} : 〈 \nabla g (x_{n} + e_{n}^{i}) - \nabla g (y_{n}^{i}), z - y_{n}^{i} 〉 \leq 0}, \\ Q_{n + 1} : = ⋂_{i = 1}^{N} Q_{n + 1}^{i}, \\ x_{n + 1} = {proj}_{Q_{n + 1}}^{g} x_{0} and n \in N \cup {0} . \end{matrix}

(1.11)

If, for each $i = 1, 2, \dots, N$ , the sequences of errors ${e_{n}^{i}}_{n \in N} \subset E$ satisfy ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} e_{n}^{i} = 0$ , then each such sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ converges strongly to ${proj}_{F}^{g} (x_{0})$ as $n \to \infty$ .

Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a convex and Gâteaux differentiable function. Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of E. Recall that a mapping

T : C \to C

is said to be (quasi-)Bregman strongly firmly nonexpansive (for short, BSNE) with respect to a nonempty

\hat{F} (T)

if

F (T) \neq \emptyset

and

D_{g} (p, T x) \leq D_{g} (p, x)

for all

x \in C

and

p \in \hat{F} (T)

, and if whenever

{x_{n}}_{n \in N} \subset C

is bounded and

p \in \hat{F (T)}

, then we have

lim_{n \to \infty} (D_{g} (p, x_{n}) - D_{g} (p, T x_{n})) = 0 ⟹ lim_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (T x_{n}, x_{n}) = 0 .

The class of (quasi-)Bregman strongly nonexpansive mappings was first introduced in [21, 45] (for more details, see also [46]). We know that the notion of a strongly nonexpansive operator (with respect to the norm) was first introduced and studied in [47, 48].

In [46], Reich and Sabach introduced iterative algorithms for finding common fixed points of finitely many Bregman strongly nonexpansive operators in a reflexive Banach space. They established the following strong convergence theorem in a reflexive Banach space.

Theorem 1.5 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

T_{i} : E \to E

,

i = 1, 2, \dots, N

, be N BSNE operators which satisfy

F (T_{i}) = \hat{F} (T_{i})

for each

1 \leq i \leq N

and

F : = ⋂_{i = 1}^{N} F (T_{i}) \neq \emptyset

. Let

g : E \to R

be a Legendre function that is bounded, uniformly Fréchet differentiable and totally convex on bounded subsets of E. Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

be a sequence defined by the following iterative algorithm:

{\begin{matrix} x_{0} \in E chosen arbitrarily, \\ y_{n}^{i} = T_{i} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{i}), \\ C_{n}^{i} = {z \in E : D_{g} (z, y_{n}^{i}) \leq D_{g} (z, x_{n} + e_{n}^{i})}, \\ C_{n} : = ⋂_{i = 1}^{N} C_{n}^{i}, \\ Q_{n} = {z \in E : 〈 \nabla g (x_{0}) - \nabla g (x_{n}), z - x_{n} 〉 \leq 0}, \\ x_{n + 1} = {proj}_{C_{n} \cap Q_{n}}^{g} x_{0} and n \in N \cup {0} . \end{matrix}

(1.12)

If, for each $i = 1, 2, \dots, N$ , the sequences of errors ${e_{n}^{i}}_{n \in N} \subset E$ satisfy ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} e_{n}^{i} = 0$ , then each such sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ converges strongly to ${proj}_{F}^{g} (x_{0})$ as $n \to \infty$ .

But it is worth mentioning that, in all the above results for Bregman nonexpansive-type mappings, the assumption $\hat{F} (T) = F (T)$ is imposed on the map T.

Remark 1.2 Though the iteration processes (1.10) and (1.12), as introduced by the authors mentioned above, worked, it is easy to see that these processes seem cumbersome and complicated in the sense that at each stage of iteration, two different sets $C_{n}$ and $Q_{n}$ are computed and the next iterate taken as the Bregman projection of $x_{0}$ on the intersection of $C_{n}$ and $Q_{n}$ . This seems difficult to do in application. It is important to state clearly that the iteration process (1.11) involves computation of only one set $Q_{n}$ at each stage of iteration. In [49], Sabach proposed an excellent modification of algorithm (1.10) for finding common zeros of finitely many maximal monotone operators in reflexive Banach spaces.

Our concern now is the following:

Is it possible to obtain strong convergence of modified Mann-type schemes (1.10)-(1.12) to a fixed point of a Bregman quasi-nonexpansive type mapping T without imposing the assumption $\hat{F} (T) = F (T)$ on T?

In this paper, using Bregman functions, we introduce new hybrid iterative algorithms for finding common fixed points of an infinite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. We prove strong convergence theorems for the sequences produced by the methods. Furthermore, we apply our method to prove strong convergence theorems of iterative algorithms for finding common fixed points of finitely many Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings in reflexive Banach spaces. These algorithms take into account possible computational errors. We also apply our main results to solve equilibrium problems in reflexive Banach spaces. Finally, we study hybrid iterative schemes for finding common solutions of an equilibrium problem, fixed points of an infinite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings and null spaces of a γ-inverse strongly monotone mapping in 2-uniformly convex Banach spaces. Some application of our results to the solution of equations of Hammerstein type is presented. No assumption $\hat{F} (T) = F (T)$ is imposed on the mapping T. Consequently, the above concern is answered in the affirmative in reflexive Banach space setting. Our results improve and generalize many known results in the current literature; see, for example, [4, 7, 8, 11, 22, 40, 42–44, 46, 50–52].

2 Preliminaries

In this section, we begin by recalling some preliminaries and lemmas which will be used in the sequel.

The following definition is slightly different from that in Butnariu and Iusem [23].

Definition 2.1 [24]

Let E be a Banach space. The function

g : E \to R

is said to be a Bregman function if the following conditions are satisfied:

(1)

g is continuous, strictly convex and Gâteaux differentiable;
(2)

the set ${y \in E : D_{g} (x, y) \leq r}$ is bounded for all $x \in E$ and $r > 0$ .

The following lemma follows from Butnariu and Iusem [23] and Zălinscu [35].

Lemma 2.1 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a strongly coercive Bregman function. Then

(1)

$\nabla g : E \to E^{*}$ is one-to-one, onto and norm-to-weak^∗ continuous;
(2)

$〈 x - y, \nabla g (x) - \nabla g (y) 〉 = 0$ if and only if $x = y$ ;
(3)

${x \in E : D_{g} (x, y) \leq r}$ is bounded for all $y \in E$ and $r > 0$ ;
(4)

$dom g^{*} = E^{*}$ , $g^{*}$ is Gâteaux differentiable and $\nabla g^{*} = {(\nabla g)}^{- 1}$ .

Now, we are ready to prove the following key lemma.

Lemma 2.2 Let E be a Banach space, let

r > 0

be a constant and let

g : E \to R

be a convex function which is uniformly convex on bounded subsets of E. Then

g (\sum_{k = 0}^{n} α_{k} x_{k}) \leq \sum_{k = 0}^{n} α_{k} g (x_{k}) - α_{i} α_{j} ρ_{r} (∥ x_{i} - x_{j} ∥)

for all $i, j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, n}$ , $x_{k} \in B_{r}$ , $α_{k} \in (0, 1)$ and $k = 0, 1, 2, \dots, n$ with $\sum_{k = 0}^{n} α_{k} = 1$ , where $ρ_{r}$ is the gauge of uniform convexity of g.

Proof Without loss of generality, we may assume that

i = 0

and

j = 1

. By induction on n, for

n = 1

, in view of Remark 1.1 we get the desired result. Now suppose that it is true for

n = k

, i.e.,

g (\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m} x_{m}) \leq \sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m} g (x_{m}) - α_{0} α_{1} ρ_{r} (∥ x_{0} - x_{1} ∥) .

Now, we prove that the conclusion holds for

n = k + 1

. Put

x = \frac{\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m} x_{m}}{1 - α_{k + 1}}

and observe that

x \in B_{r}

. Since g is convex, given assumption, we conclude that

\begin{aligned} g (\sum_{m = 0}^{k + 1} α_{m} x_{m}) & = g ((1 - α_{k + 1}) \sum_{m = 0}^{k} \frac{α_{m} x_{m}}{1 - α_{k + 1}} + α_{k + 1} x_{k + 1}) \\ \leq (1 - α_{k + 1}) g (\sum_{m = 0}^{k} \frac{α_{m} x_{m}}{1 - α_{k + 1}}) + α_{k + 1} g (x_{k + 1}) \\ \leq \sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m} g (x_{m}) - α_{0} α_{1} ρ_{r} (∥ x_{0} - x_{1} ∥) + α_{k + 1} g (x_{k + 1}) \\ = \sum_{m = 0}^{k + 1} α_{m} g (x_{m}) - α_{0} α_{1} ρ_{r} (∥ x_{0} - x_{1} ∥) . \end{aligned}

This completes the proof. □

Lemma 2.3 Let E be a Banach space, let

r > 0

be a constant and let

g : E \to R

be a continuous and convex function which is uniformly convex on bounded subsets of E. Then

g (\sum_{k = 0}^{\infty} α_{k} x_{k}) \leq \sum_{k = 0}^{\infty} α_{k} g (x_{k}) - α_{i} α_{j} ρ_{r} (∥ x_{i} - x_{j} ∥)

for all $i, j \in N \cup {0}$ , $x_{k} \in B_{r}$ , $α_{k} \in (0, 1)$ and $k \in N \cup {0}$ with $\sum_{k = 0}^{\infty} α_{k} = 1$ , where $ρ_{r}$ is the gauge of uniform convexity of g.

Proof Let

i, j \in N \cup {0}

and

k > i, j

. Put

v_{k} = \frac{α_{0} x_{0}}{\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m}} + \frac{α_{1} x_{1}}{\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m}} + \dots + \frac{α_{k} x_{k}}{\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m}}

and observe that

v_{k} \in B_{r}

for all

k \in N

. In view of Lemma 2.2, we obtain that

\begin{aligned} g (v_{k}) & = g (\frac{α_{0} x_{0}}{\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m}} + \frac{α_{1} x_{1}}{\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m}} + \dots + \frac{α_{k} x_{k}}{\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m}}) \\ \leq \frac{1}{\sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m}} \sum_{m = 0}^{k} α_{m} g (x_{m}) - α_{i} α_{j} ρ_{r} (∥ x_{i} - x_{j} ∥) . \end{aligned}

(2.1)

Since g is continuous and

v_{k} \to \sum_{m = 0}^{\infty} α_{m} x_{m}

as

k \to \infty

, we have

lim_{k \to \infty} g (v_{k}) = g (\sum_{m = 0}^{\infty} α_{m} x_{m}) .

Letting

k \to \infty

in (2.1), we conclude that

g (\sum_{m = 0}^{\infty} α_{m} x_{m}) \leq \sum_{m = 0}^{\infty} α_{m} g (x_{m}) - α_{i} α_{j} ρ_{r} (∥ x_{i} - x_{j} ∥),

which completes the proof. □

We know the following two results; see [[35], Proposition 3.6.4].

Theorem 2.1 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a convex function which is bounded on bounded subsets of E. Then the following assertions are equivalent:

(1)

g is strongly coercive and uniformly convex on bounded subsets of E;
(2)

$dom g^{*} = E^{*}$ , $g^{*}$ is bounded on bounded subsets and uniformly smooth on bounded subsets of $E^{*}$ ;
(3)

$dom g^{*} = E^{*}$ , $g^{*}$ is Fréchet differentiable and $\nabla g^{*}$ is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on bounded subsets of $E^{*}$ .

Theorem 2.2 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a continuous convex function which is strongly coercive. Then the following assertions are equivalent:

(1)

g is bounded on bounded subsets and uniformly smooth on bounded subsets of E;
(2)

$g^{*}$ is Fréchet differentiable and $\nabla g^{*}$ is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on bounded subsets of $E^{*}$ ;
(3)

$dom g^{*} = E^{*}$ , $g^{*}$ is strongly coercive and uniformly convex on bounded subsets of $E^{*}$ .

Let E be a Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a convex and Gâteaux differentiable function. Then the Bregman distance [32, 33] satisfies the three point identity that is

D_{g} (x, z) = D_{g} (x, y) + D_{g} (y, z) + 〈 x - y, \nabla g (y) - \nabla g (z) 〉, \forall x, y, z \in E .

(2.2)

In particular, it can be easily seen that

D_{g} (x, y) = - D_{g} (y, x) + 〈 y - x, \nabla g (y) - \nabla g (x) 〉, \forall x, y \in E .

(2.3)

Indeed, by letting $z = x$ in (2.2) and taking into account that $D_{g} (x, x) = 0$ , we get the desired result.

Lemma 2.4 Let E be a Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a Gâteaux differentiable function which is uniformly convex on bounded subsets of E. Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

and

{y_{n}}_{n \in N}

be bounded sequences in E. Then the following assertions are equivalent:

(1)

${lim}_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (x_{n}, y_{n}) = 0$ ;
(2)

${lim}_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n} - y_{n} ∥ = 0$ .

Proof The implication (1) ⟹ (2) was proved in [23] (see also [24]). For the converse implication, we assume that

{lim}_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n} - y_{n} ∥ = 0

. Then, in view of (2.3), we have

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (x_{n}, y_{n}) & = - D_{g} (y_{n}, x_{n}) + 〈 x_{n} - y_{n}, \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (y_{n}) 〉 \\ \leq ∥ x_{n} - y_{n} ∥ ∥ \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (y_{n}) ∥, \forall n \in N . \end{aligned}

(2.4)

The function g is bounded on bounded subsets of E and therefore ∇g is also bounded on bounded subsets of $E^{*}$ (see, for example, [[23], Proposition 1.1.11] for more details). This, together with (2.3)-(2.4), implies that ${lim}_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (x_{n}, y_{n}) = 0$ , which completes the proof. □

The following result was first proved in [37] (see also [24]).

Lemma 2.5 Let E be a reflexive Banach space, let

g : E \to R

be a strongly coercive Bregman function and let V be the function defined by

V (x, x^{*}) = g (x) - 〈 x, x^{*} 〉 + g^{*} (x^{*}), x \in E, x^{*} \in E^{*} .

Then the following assertions hold:

(1)

$D_{g} (x, \nabla g^{*} (x^{*})) = V (x, x^{*})$ for all $x \in E$ and $x^{*} \in E^{*}$ .
(2)

$V (x, x^{*}) + 〈 \nabla g^{*} (x^{*}) - x, y^{*} 〉 \leq V (x, x^{*} + y^{*})$ for all $x \in E$ and $x^{*}, y^{*} \in E^{*}$ .

Corollary 2.1 [35]

Let E be a Banach space, let

g : E \to (- \infty, \infty]

be a proper, lower semicontinuous and convex function and let

p, q \in R

with

1 \leq p \leq 2 \leq q

and

p^{- 1} + q^{- 1} = 1

. Then the following statements are equivalent.

(1)

There exists $c_{1} > 0$ such that g is ρ-convex with $ρ (t) : = \frac{c_{1}}{q} t^{q}$ for all $t \geq 0$ .
(2)

There exists $c_{2} > 0$ such that for all $(x, x^{*}), (y, y^{*}) \in G (\partial g)$ ; $∥ x^{*} - y^{*} ∥ \geq \frac{2 c_{2}}{q} {∥ x - y ∥}^{q - 1}$ .

3 Strong convergence theorems without computational errors

In this section, we prove strong convergence theorems without computational errors in a reflexive Banach space. We start with the following simple lemma whose proof will be omitted since it can be proved by a similar argument as that in [[44], Lemma 15.5].

Lemma 3.1 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let $g : E \to R$ be a convex, continuous, strongly coercive and Gâteaux differentiable function which is bounded on bounded subsets and uniformly convex on bounded subsets of E. Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of E. Let $T : C \to C$ be a Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping. Then $F (T)$ is closed and convex.

Using ideas in [22], we can prove the following result.

Theorem 3.1 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a strongly coercive Bregman function which is bounded on bounded subsets and uniformly convex and uniformly smooth on bounded subsets of E. Let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of E and let

{T_{j}}_{j \in N}

be an infinite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings from C into itself such that

F : = ⋂_{j = 1}^{\infty} F (T_{j}) \neq \emptyset

. Suppose in addition that

T_{j}^{0} = T_{0} = I

for all

j \in N

, where I is the identity mapping on E. Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

be a sequence generated by

{\begin{matrix} x_{0} = x \in C chosen arbitrarily, \\ C_{0} = C, \\ z_{n} = \nabla g^{*} [α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n})], \\ y_{n} = \nabla g^{*} [β_{n} \nabla g (x_{n}) + (1 - β_{n}) \nabla g (z_{n})], \\ C_{n + 1} = {z \in C_{n} : D_{g} (z, y_{n}) \leq D_{g} (z, x_{n})}, \\ x_{n + 1} = {proj}_{C_{n + 1}}^{g} x and n \in N \cup {0}, \end{matrix}

(3.1)

where ∇g is the right-hand derivative of g. Let

{α_{n, j} : j, n \in N \cup {0}}

and

{β_{n}}_{n \in N \cup {0}}

be sequences in

[0, 1)

satisfying the following control conditions:

(1)

$\sum_{j = 0}^{\infty} α_{n, j} = 1$ , $\forall n \in N \cup {0}$ ;
(2)

There exists $i \in N$ such that ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} α_{n, i} α_{n, j} > 0$ , $\forall j \in N \cup {0}$ ;
(3)

$0 \leq β_{n} < 1$ for all $n \in N \cup {0}$ and ${lim sup}_{n \to \infty} β_{n} < 1$ .

Then the sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ defined in (3.1) converges strongly to ${proj}_{F}^{g} x$ as $n \to \infty$ .

Proof We divide the proof into several steps.

Step 1. We show that $C_{n}$ is closed and convex for each $n \in N \cup {0}$ .

It is clear that

C_{0} = C

is closed and convex. Let

C_{m}

be closed and convex for some

m \in N

. For

z \in C_{m}

, we see that

D_{g} (z, y_{m}) \leq D_{g} (z, x_{m})

is equivalent to

〈 z, \nabla g (x_{m}) - \nabla g (y_{m}) 〉 \leq g (y_{m}) - g (x_{m}) + 〈 x_{m}, \nabla g (x_{m}) 〉 - 〈 y_{m}, \nabla g (y_{m}) 〉 .

An easy argument shows that $C_{m + 1}$ is closed and convex. Hence $C_{n}$ is closed and convex for each $n \in N \cup {0}$ .

Step 2. We claim that $F \subset C_{n}$ for all $n \in N \cup {0}$ .

It is obvious that

F \subset C_{0} = C

. Assume now that

F \subset C_{m}

for some

m \in N

. Employing Lemma 2.5, for any

w \in F \subset C_{m}

, we obtain

\begin{array}{rcl} D_{g} (w, z_{m}) & = & D_{g} (w, \nabla g^{*} [α_{m, 0} \nabla g (x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} \nabla g (T_{j} x_{m})]) \\ = & V (w, α_{m, 0} \nabla g (x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} \nabla g (T_{j}^{m} x_{m})) \\ = & g (w) - 〈 w, α_{m, 0} \nabla g (x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} \nabla g (T_{j} x_{m}) 〉 \\ + g^{*} (α_{m, 0} \nabla g (x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} \nabla g (T_{j} x_{m})) \\ \leq & α_{m, 0} g (w) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} g (w) + α_{m, 0} g^{*} (\nabla g (x_{m})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} g^{*} (\nabla g (T_{j} x_{m})) \\ = & α_{m, 0} V (w, \nabla g (x_{m})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} V (w, \nabla g (T_{j} x_{m})) \\ = & α_{m, 0} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} D_{g} (w, T_{j} x_{m}) \\ \leq & α_{m, 0} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{m, j} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) \\ = & D_{g} (w, x_{m}) . \end{array}

This implies that

\begin{array}{rcl} D_{g} (w, y_{m}) & = & D_{g} (w, \nabla g^{*} [β_{m} \nabla g (x_{m}) + (1 - β_{m}) \nabla g (z_{m})]) \\ = & V (w, β_{m} \nabla g (x_{m}) + (1 - β_{m}) \nabla g (z_{m})) \\ \leq & β_{m} V (w, \nabla g (x_{m})) + (1 - β_{m}) V (w, \nabla (z_{m})) \\ = & β_{m} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + (1 - β_{m}) D_{g} (w, z_{m}) \\ \leq & β_{m} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + (1 - β_{m}) D_{g} (w, x_{m}) \\ = & D_{g} (w, x_{m}) . \end{array}

(3.2)

This proves that $w \in C_{m + 1}$ . Thus, we have $F \subset C_{n}$ for all $n \in N \cup {0}$ .

Step 3. We prove that ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ , ${y_{n}}_{n \in N}$ , ${z_{n}}_{n \in N}$ and ${T_{j} x_{n} : j, n \in N \cup {0}}$ are bounded sequences in C.

In view of (1.9), we conclude that

\begin{array}{rcl} D_{g} (x_{n}, x) & = & D_{g} ({proj}_{C_{n}}^{g} x, x) \leq D_{g} (w, x) - D_{g} (w, x_{n}) \\ \leq & D_{g} (w, x), \forall w \in F \subset C_{n}, n \in N \cup {0} . \end{array}

This implies that the sequence

{D (x_{n}, x)}_{n \in N}

is bounded and hence there exists

M > 0

such that

D_{g} (x_{n}, x) \leq M, \forall n \in N .

In view of Lemma 2.1(3), we conclude that the sequence

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

is bounded. Since

{T_{j}}_{j \in N}

is an infinite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings from C into itself, we have for any

q \in F

that

D_{g} (q, T_{j} x_{n}) \leq D_{g} (q, x_{n}), \forall j, n \in N .

This, together with Definition 2.1 and the boundedness of ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ , implies that the sequence ${T_{j} x_{n} : j, n \in N \cup {0}}$ is bounded.

Step 4. We show that $x_{n} \to u$ for some $u \in F$ , where $u = {proj}_{F}^{g} x$ .

By Step 3, we have that

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

is bounded. By the construction of

C_{n}

, we conclude that

C_{m} \subset C_{n}

and

x_{m} = {proj}_{C_{m}}^{g} x \in C_{m} \subset C_{n}

for any positive integer

m \geq n

. This, together with (1.9), implies that

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{n}) & = D_{g} (x_{m}, {proj}_{C_{n}}^{g} x) \leq D_{g} (x_{m}, x) - D_{g} ({proj}_{C_{n}}^{g} x, x) \\ = D_{g} (x_{m}, x) - D_{g} (x_{n}, x) . \end{aligned}

(3.3)

In view of (1.9), we conclude that

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (x_{n}, x) & = D_{g} ({proj}_{C_{n}}^{g} x, x) \leq D_{g} (w, x) - D_{g} (w, x_{n}) \\ \leq D_{g} (w, x), \forall w \in F \subset C_{n}, n \in N \cup {0} . \end{aligned}

(3.4)

It follows from (3.4) that the sequence

{D_{g} (x_{n}, x)}_{n \in N}

is bounded and hence there exists

M > 0

such that

D_{g} (x_{n}, x) \leq M, \forall n \in N .

(3.5)

In view of (3.3), we conclude that

D_{g} (x_{n}, x) \leq D_{g} (x_{n}, x) + D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{n}) \leq D_{g} (x_{m}, x), \forall m \geq n .

This proves that

{D_{g} (x_{n}, x)}_{n \in N}

is an increasing sequence in ℝ and hence by (3.5) the limit

{lim}_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (x_{n}, x)

exists. Letting

m, n \to \infty

in (3.3), we deduce that

D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{n}) \to 0

. In view of Lemma 2.4, we get that

∥ x_{m} - x_{n} ∥ \to 0

as

m, n \to \infty

. This means that

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

is a Cauchy sequence. Since E is a Banach space and C is closed and convex, we conclude that there exists

u \in C

such that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n} - u ∥ = 0 .

(3.6)

Now, we show that

u \in F

. In view of (3.3), we obtain

lim_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (x_{n + 1}, x_{n}) = 0 .

(3.7)

Since

x_{n + 1} \in C_{n + 1}

, we conclude that

D_{g} (x_{n + 1}, y_{n}) \leq D_{g} (x_{n + 1}, x_{n}) .

This, together with (3.7), implies that

lim_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (x_{n + 1}, y_{n}) = 0 .

(3.8)

Employing Lemma 2.4 and (3.7)-(3.8), we deduce that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n + 1} - x_{n} ∥ = 0 and lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n + 1} - y_{n} ∥ = 0 .

In view of (3.6), we get

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ y_{n} - u ∥ = 0 .

(3.9)

From (3.6) and (3.9), it follows that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n} - y_{n} ∥ = 0 .

Since ∇g is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on any bounded subset of E, we obtain

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (y_{n}) ∥ = 0 .

(3.10)

In view of (3.1), we have

\nabla g (y_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n}) = (1 - β_{n}) (\nabla g (z_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n})) .

(3.11)

It follows from (3.10)-(3.11) that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ \nabla g (z_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n}) ∥ = 0 .

(3.12)

Since ∇g is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on any bounded subset of E, we obtain

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ z_{n} - x_{n} ∥ = 0 .

Applying Lemma 2.4, we derive that

lim_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (z_{n}, x_{n}) = 0 .

It follows from the three point identity (see (2.2)) that

\begin{array}{rcl} | D_{g} (w, x_{n}) - D_{g} (w, z_{n}) | & = & | D_{g} (w, z_{n}) + D_{g} (z_{n}, x_{n}) \\ + 〈 w - z_{n}, \nabla g (z_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n}) 〉 - D_{g} (w, z_{n}) | \\ = & | D_{g} (z_{n}, x_{n}) - 〈 w - z_{n}, \nabla g (z_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n}) 〉 | \\ \leq & D_{g} (z_{n}, x_{n}) + ∥ w - z_{n} ∥ ∥ \nabla g (z_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n}) ∥ \\ \to & 0 \end{array}

(3.13)

as $n \to \infty$ .

The function g is bounded on bounded subsets of E and thus ∇g is also bounded on bounded subsets of $E^{*}$ (see, for example, [[23], Proposition 1.1.11] for more details). This implies that the sequences ${\nabla g (x_{n})}_{n \in N}$ , ${\nabla g (y_{n})}_{n \in N}$ , ${\nabla g (z_{n})}_{n \in N}$ and ${\nabla g (T_{j}^{n} x_{n}) : n, j \in N \cup {0}}$ are bounded in $E^{*}$ .

In view of Theorem 2.2(3), we know that

dom g^{*} = E^{*}

and

g^{*}

is strongly coercive and uniformly convex on bounded subsets. Let

s = sup {∥ \nabla g (T_{j}^{n} x_{n}) ∥ : j \in N \cup {0}, n \in N \cup {0}}

and

ρ_{s}^{*} : E^{*} \to R

be the gauge of uniform convexity of the conjugate function

g^{*}

. Now, we fix

i \in N

satisfying condition (2). We prove that for any

w \in F

and

j \in N \cup {0}

D_{g} (w, z_{n}) \leq D_{g} (w, x_{n}) - α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥) .

(3.14)

Let us show (3.14). For any given

w \in F (T)

and

j \in N

, in view of the definition of the Bregman distance (see (1.7)), (1.6), Lemmas 2.3 and 2.5, we obtain

\begin{array}{rcl} D_{g} (w, z_{n}) & = & D_{g} (w, \nabla g^{*} [α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n})]) \\ = & V (w, α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n})) \\ = & g (w) - 〈 w, α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) 〉 \\ + g^{*} (α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n})) \\ \leq & α_{n, 0} g (w) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} g (w) \\ - α_{n, 0} 〈 w, \nabla g (x_{n}) 〉 - \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} 〈 w, \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) 〉 \\ + α_{n, 0} g^{*} (\nabla g (x_{n})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} g^{*} (\nabla g (T_{j} x_{n})) \\ - α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥) \\ = & α_{n, 0} V (w, \nabla g (x_{n})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} V (w, \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n})) \\ - α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥) \\ = & α_{n, 0} D_{g} (w, x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} D_{g} (w, T_{j} x_{n}) - α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥) \\ \leq & α_{n, 0} D_{g} (w, x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} D_{g} (w, x_{n}) - α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥) \\ = & D_{g} (w, x_{n}) - α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥) . \end{array}

In view of (3.13), we obtain

D_{g} (w, x_{n}) - D_{g} (w, z_{n}) \to 0 as n \to \infty .

(3.15)

In view of (3.14) and (3.15), we conclude that

α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥) \leq D_{g} (w, x_{n}) - D_{g} (w, z_{n}) \to 0

as

n \to \infty

. From the assumption

{lim inf}_{n \to \infty} α_{n, i} α_{n, j} > 0

,

\forall j \in N \cup {0}

, we have

lim_{n \to \infty} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥) = 0, \forall j \in N \cup {0} .

Therefore, from the property of

ρ_{s}^{*}

, we deduce that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ \nabla g (T_{i} x_{n}) - \nabla g (T_{j} x_{n}) ∥ = 0, \forall j \in N \cup {0} .

Since

\nabla g^{*}

is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on bounded subsets of

E^{*}

, we arrive at

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ T_{i} x_{n} - T_{j} x_{n} ∥ = 0, \forall j \in N \cup {0} .

(3.16)

In particular, for

j = 0

, we have

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ T_{i} x_{n} - x_{n} ∥ = 0 .

This, together with (3.16), implies that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ T_{j} x_{n} - x_{n} ∥ = 0, \forall j \in N \cup {0} .

(3.17)

Since ${T_{j}}_{j \in N}$ is an infinite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings, from (3.6) and (3.17), we conclude that $T_{j} u = u$ , $\forall j \in N \cup {0}$ . Thus, we have $u \in F$ .

Finally, we show that

u = {proj}_{F}^{g} x

. From

x_{n} = {proj}_{C_{n}}^{g} x

, we conclude that

〈 z - x_{n}, \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (x) 〉 \geq 0, \forall z \in C_{n} .

Since

F \subset C_{n}

for each

n \in N

, we obtain

〈 z - x_{n}, \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (x) 〉 \geq 0, \forall z \in F .

(3.18)

Letting

n \to \infty

in (3.18), we deduce that

〈 z - u, \nabla g (u) - \nabla g (x) 〉 \geq 0, \forall z \in F .

In view of (1.8), we have $u = {proj}_{F}^{g} x$ , which completes the proof. □

Remark 3.1 Theorem 3.1 improves Theorem 1.2 in the following aspects.

(1)

For the structure of Banach spaces, we extend the duality mapping to a more general case, that is, a convex, continuous and strongly coercive Bregman function which is bounded on bounded subsets and uniformly convex and uniformly smooth on bounded subsets.
(2)

For the mappings, we extend the mapping from a relatively nonexpansive mapping to a countable family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings. We remove the assumption $\hat{F} (T) = F (T)$ on the mapping T and extend the result to a countable family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings, where $\hat{F} (T)$ is the set of asymptotic fixed points of the mapping T.
(3)

For the algorithm, we remove the set $W_{n}$ in Theorem 1.2.

Lemma 3.2 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let $g : E \to R$ be a strongly coercive Bregman function which is bounded on bounded subsets and uniformly convex and uniformly smooth on bounded subsets of E. Let A be a maximal monotone operator from E to $E^{*}$ such that $A^{- 1} (0) \neq \emptyset$ . Let $r > 0$ and ${Res}_{r A}^{g} = {(\nabla g + r A)}^{- 1} \nabla g$ be the g-resolvent of A. Then ${Res}_{r A}^{g}$ is a Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mapping.

Proof Let

{z_{n}}_{n \in N} \subset E

be a sequence such that

z_{n} \to z

and

{lim}_{n \to \infty} ∥ z_{n} - {Res}_{r A}^{g} z_{n} ∥ = 0

. Since ∇g is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on bounded subsets of E, we obtain

\frac{1}{r} (\nabla g (z_{n}) - \nabla g ({Res}_{r A}^{g} z_{n})) \to 0 .

It follows from

\frac{1}{r} (\nabla g (z_{n}) - \nabla g ({Res}_{r A}^{g} z_{n})) \in A {Res}_{r A}^{g} z_{n}

and the monotonicity of A that

〈 w - {Res}_{r A}^{g} z_{n}, y - \frac{1}{r} (\nabla g (z_{n}) - \nabla g ({Res}_{r A}^{g} z_{n})) 〉 \geq 0

for all $w \in dom A$ and $y \in A w$ . Letting $n \to \infty$ in the above inequality, we have $〈 w - z, y 〉 \geq 0$ for all $w \in dom A$ and $y \in A w$ . Therefore, from the maximality of A, we conclude that $z \in A^{- 1} (0) = F ({Res}_{r A}^{g})$ , that is, $z = {Res}_{r A}^{g} z$ . Hence ${Res}_{r A}^{g}$ is Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive, which completes the proof. □

As an application of our main result, we include a concrete example in support of Theorem 3.1. Using Theorem 3.1, we obtain the following strong convergence theorem for maximal monotone operators.

Theorem 3.2 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a strongly coercive Bregman function which is bounded on bounded subsets and uniformly convex and uniformly smooth on bounded subsets of E. Let A be a maximal monotone operator from E to

E^{*}

such that

A^{- 1} (0) \neq \emptyset

. Let

r_{n} > 0

such that

{lim inf}_{n \to \infty} r_{n} > 0

and

{Res}_{r_{n} A}^{g} = {(\nabla g + r_{n} A)}^{- 1} \nabla g

be the g-resolvent of A. Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

be a sequence generated by

{\begin{matrix} x_{0} = x \in C chosen arbitrarily, \\ C_{0} = C, \\ z_{n} = \nabla g^{*} [α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} α_{n, j} \nabla g ({Res}_{r_{j} A}^{g} x_{n})], \\ y_{n} = \nabla g^{*} [β_{n} \nabla g (x_{n}) + (1 - β_{n}) \nabla g (z_{n})], \\ C_{n + 1} = {z \in C_{n} : D_{g} (z, y_{n}) \leq D_{g} (z, x_{n})}, \\ x_{n + 1} = {proj}_{C_{n + 1}}^{g} x and n \in N \cup {0}, \end{matrix}

(3.19)

where ∇g is the right-hand derivative of g. Let

{α_{n, j} : j, n \in N \cup {0}}

and

{β_{n}}_{n \in N \cup {0}}

be sequences in

[0, 1)

satisfying the following control conditions:

(1)

$\sum_{j = 0}^{\infty} α_{n, j} = 1$ , $\forall n \in N \cup {0}$ ;
(2)

There exists $i \in N$ such that ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} α_{n, i} α_{n, j} > 0$ , $\forall j \in N \cup {0}$ ;
(3)

$0 \leq β_{n} < 1$ for all $n \in N \cup {0}$ and ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} β_{n} < 1$ .

Then the sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ defined in (3.19) converges strongly to ${proj}_{A^{- 1} (0)}^{g} x$ as $n \to \infty$ .

Proof Letting

T_{j} = {Res}_{r_{j} A}^{g}

,

\forall j \in N \cup {0}

, in Theorem 3.1, from (3.1) we obtain (3.19). We need only to show that

T_{j}

satisfies all the conditions in Theorem 3.1 for all

j \in N \cup {0}

. In view of Lemma 3.2, we conclude that

T_{j}

is a Bregman relatively nonexpansive mapping for each

j \in N \cup {0}

. Thus, we obtain

D_{g} (p, {Res}_{r_{j} A}^{g} v) \leq D_{g} (p, v), \forall v \in E, p \in F ({Res}_{r_{j} A}^{g}), \forall j \in N \cup {0}

and

\tilde{F} ({Res}_{r_{j} A}^{g}) = F ({Res}_{r_{j} A}^{g}) = A^{- 1} (0), \forall j \in N \cup {0},

where $\tilde{F} ({Res}_{r_{j} A}^{g})$ is the set of all strong asymptotic fixed points of ${Res}_{r_{j} A}^{g}$ . Therefore, in view of Theorem 3.1, we have the conclusions of Theorem 3.2. This completes the proof. □

4 Strong convergence theorems with computational errors

In this section, we study strong convergence of iterative algorithms to find common fixed points of finitely many Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings in a reflexive Banach space. Our algorithms take into account possible computational errors. We prove the following strong convergence theorem concerning Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings.

Theorem 4.1 Let E be a reflexive Banach space and let

g : E \to R

be a strongly coercive Bregman function which is bounded on bounded subsets and uniformly convex and uniformly smooth on bounded subsets of E. Let

N \in N

and

{T_{j}}_{j = 1}^{N}

be a finite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings from E into int domg such that

F : = ⋂_{j = 1}^{N} F (T_{j})

is a nonempty subset of E. Suppose in addition that

T_{0} = I

, where I is the identity mapping on E. Let

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

be a sequence generated by

{\begin{matrix} x_{0} = x \in E chosen arbitrarily, \\ C_{0} = E, \\ y_{n} = \nabla g^{*} [α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}))], \\ C_{n + 1} = {z \in C_{n} : D_{g} (z, y_{n}) \leq D_{g} (z, x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} D_{g} (x_{n}, x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) \\ + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} 〈 z - x_{n}, \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) 〉}, \\ x_{n + 1} = {proj}_{C_{n + 1}}^{g} x and n \in N \cup {0}, \end{matrix}

(4.1)

where ∇g is the right-hand derivative of g. Let

{α_{n, j} : n \in N \cup {0}, j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}}

be a sequence in

(0, 1)

satisfying the following control conditions:

(1)

$\sum_{j = 0}^{N} α_{n, j} = 1$ , $\forall n \in N \cup {0}$ ;
(2)

There exists $i \in {1, 2, \dots, N}$ such that ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} α_{n, i} α_{n, j} > 0$ , $\forall j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}$ .

If, for each $j = 0, 1, 2, \dots, N$ , the sequences of errors ${e_{n}^{j}}_{n \in N} \subset E$ satisfy ${lim inf}_{n \to \infty} e_{n}^{j} = 0$ , then the sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ defined in (4.1) converges strongly to ${proj}_{F}^{g} x$ as $n \to \infty$ .

Proof We divide the proof into several steps.

Step 1. We show that $C_{n}$ is closed and convex for each $n \in N \cup {0}$ .

It is clear that

C_{0} = E

is closed and convex. Let

C_{m}

be closed and convex for some

m \in N

. For

z \in C_{m}

, we see that

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (z, y_{m}) \leq & D_{g} (z, x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) \\ + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} 〈 z - x_{m}, \nabla g (x_{m}) - \nabla g (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) 〉 \end{aligned}

is equivalent to

\begin{aligned} 〈 z, \nabla g (x_{m}) - \nabla g (y_{m}) 〉 + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} 〈 x_{m} - z, \nabla g (x_{m}) - \nabla g (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) 〉 \\ \leq g (y_{m}) - g (x_{m}) + 〈 x_{m}, \nabla g (x_{m}) 〉 - 〈 y_{m}, \nabla g (y_{m}) 〉 + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) . \end{aligned}

An easy argument shows that $C_{m + 1}$ is closed and convex. Hence $C_{n}$ is closed and convex for all $n \in N \cup {0}$ .

Step 2. We claim that $F \subset C_{n}$ for all $n \in N \cup {0}$ .

It is obvious that

F \subset C_{0} = E

. Assume now that

F \subset C_{m}

for some

m \in N

. Employing Lemma 2.5, for any

w \in F \subset C_{m}

, we obtain

\begin{array}{rcl} D_{g} (w, y_{m}) & = & D_{g} (w, \nabla g^{*} [α_{m, 0} \nabla g (x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}))]) \\ = & V (w, α_{m, 0} \nabla g (x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}))) \\ = & g (w) - 〈 w, α_{m, 0} \nabla g (x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j})) 〉 \\ + g^{*} (α_{m, 0} \nabla g (x_{m})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j})) \\ \leq & α_{m, 0} g (w) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} g (w) \\ + α_{m, 0} g^{*} (\nabla g (x_{m})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} g^{*} (\nabla g (T_{j} (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}))) \\ = & α_{m, 0} V (w, \nabla g (x_{m})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} V (w, \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}))) \\ = & α_{m, 0} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} D_{g} (w, T_{j} (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j})) \\ \leq & α_{m, 0} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} D_{g} (w, x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) \\ = & α_{m, 0} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) \\ + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} 〈 w - x_{m}, \nabla g (x_{m}) - \nabla g (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) 〉 \\ = & D_{g} (w, x_{m}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) \\ + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{m, j} 〈 w - x_{m}, \nabla g (x_{m}) - \nabla g (x_{m} + e_{m}^{j}) 〉 . \end{array}

(4.2)

This proves that $w \in C_{m + 1}$ . Consequently, we see that $F \subset C_{n}$ for any $n \in N \cup {0}$ .

Step 3. We prove that ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ , ${y_{n}}_{n \in N}$ and ${T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) : n \in N, j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}}$ are bounded sequences in E.

In view of (1.9), we conclude that

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (x_{n}, x) & = D_{g} ({proj}_{C_{n}}^{g} x, x) \leq D_{g} (w, x) - D_{g} (w, x_{n}) \\ \leq D_{g} (w, x), \forall w \in F \subset C_{n}, n \in N \cup {0} . \end{aligned}

(4.3)

It follows from (4.3) that the sequence

{D_{g} (x_{n}, x)}_{n \in N}

is bounded and hence there exists

M_{0} > 0

such that

D_{g} (x_{n}, x) \leq M_{0}, \forall n \in N \cup {0} .

(4.4)

In view of Lemma 2.1(3), we conclude that the sequence

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

and hence

{x_{n} + e_{n}^{j} : n \in N \cup {0}, j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}}

is bounded. Since

{T_{j}}_{j = 1}^{N}

is a finite family of Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings from E into int domg, for any

q \in F

, we have

D_{g} (q, T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j})) \leq D_{g} (q, x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}), \forall n \in N and j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N} .

(4.5)

This, together with Definition 2.1 and the boundedness of ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ , implies that ${T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) : n \in N \cup {0}, j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}}$ is bounded.

Step 4. We show that $x_{n} \to u$ for some $u \in F$ , where $u = {proj}_{F}^{g} x$ .

By Step 3, we deduce that

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

is bounded. By the construction of

C_{n}

, we conclude that

C_{m} \subset C_{n}

and

x_{m} = {proj}_{C_{m}}^{g} x \in C_{m} \subset C_{n}

for any positive integer

m \geq n

. This, together with (1.9), implies that

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{n}) & = D_{g} (x_{m}, {proj}_{C_{n}}^{g} x) \leq D_{g} (x_{m}, x) - D_{g} ({proj}_{C_{n}}^{g} x, x) \\ = D_{g} (x_{m}, x) - D_{g} (x_{n}, x) . \end{aligned}

(4.6)

In view of (4.6), we have

D_{g} (x_{n}, x) \leq D_{g} (x_{n}, x) + D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{n}) \leq D_{g} (x_{m}, x), \forall m \geq n .

This proves that

{D_{g} (x_{n}, x)}_{n \in N}

is an increasing sequence in ℝ and hence by (4.4) the limit

{lim}_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (x_{n}, x)

exists. Letting

m, n \to \infty

in (4.6), we deduce that

D_{g} (x_{m}, x_{n}) \to 0

. In view of Lemma 2.4, we obtain that

∥ x_{m} - x_{n} ∥ \to 0

as

m, n \to \infty

. Thus we have

{x_{n}}_{n \in N}

is a Cauchy sequence. Since E is a Banach space, we conclude that there exists

u \in E

such that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n} - u ∥ = 0 .

(4.7)

Now, we show that

u \in F

. In view of (4.6), we obtain

lim_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (x_{n + 1}, x_{n}) = 0 .

(4.8)

Since

{lim}_{n \to \infty} e_{n}^{j} = 0

, for all

j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}

, in view of Lemma 2.4 and (4.8), we obtain that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n + 1} - x_{n} ∥ = 0 and lim_{n \to \infty} D (x_{n}, x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) = 0, j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N} .

(4.9)

The function g is bounded on bounded subsets of E and thus ∇g is also bounded on bounded subsets of

E^{*}

(see, for example, [[23], Proposition 1.1.11] for more details). Since

x_{n + 1} \in C_{n + 1}

, we get

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (x_{n + 1}, y_{n}) \leq & D_{g} (x_{n + 1}, x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} D_{g} (x_{n}, x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) \\ + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} 〈 x_{n + 1} - x_{n}, \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) 〉 . \end{aligned}

This, together with (4.9), implies that

lim_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (x_{n + 1}, y_{n}) = 0 .

(4.10)

Employing Lemma 2.4 and (4.9)-(4.10), we deduce that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n + 1} - y_{n} ∥ = 0 .

(4.11)

In view of (4.7) and (4.11), we get

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ y_{n} - u ∥ = 0 .

(4.12)

Thus, ${y_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is a bounded sequence.

From (4.11) and (4.12), it follows that

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ x_{n} - y_{n} ∥ = 0 .

Since ∇g is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on any bounded subset of E, we obtain

lim_{n \to \infty} ∥ \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (y_{n}) ∥ = 0 .

(4.13)

Applying Lemma 2.4, we deduce that

lim_{n \to \infty} D_{g} (y_{n}, x_{n}) = 0 .

(4.14)

It follows from the three point identity (see (2.2)) that

\begin{array}{rcl} | D_{g} (w, x_{n}) - D_{g} (w, y_{n}) | & = & | D_{g} (w, y_{n}) + D_{g} (y_{n}, x_{n}) \\ + 〈 w - y_{n}, \nabla g (y_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n}) 〉 - D_{g} (w, y_{n}) | \\ = & | D_{g} (y_{n}, x_{n}) - 〈 w - y_{n}, \nabla g (y_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n}) 〉 | \\ \leq & D_{g} (y_{n}, x_{n}) + ∥ w - y_{n} ∥ ∥ \nabla g (y_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n}) ∥ \\ \to & 0 \end{array}

(4.15)

as $n \to \infty$ .

The function g is bounded on bounded subsets of E and thus ∇g is also bounded on bounded subsets of $E^{*}$ (see, for example, [[23], Proposition 1.1.11] for more details). This, together with Step 3, implies that the sequences ${\nabla g (x_{n})}_{n \in N}$ , ${\nabla g (y_{n})}_{n \in N}$ and ${\nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j})) : n \in N \cup {0}, j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}}$ are bounded in $E^{*}$ .

In view of Theorem 2.2(3), we know that

dom g^{*} = E^{*}

and

g^{*}

is strongly coercive and uniformly convex on bounded subsets. Let

s = sup {∥ \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j})) ∥ : j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}, n \in N \cup {0}}

and let

ρ_{s}^{*} : E^{*} \to R

be the gauge of uniform convexity of the conjugate function

g^{*}

. Suppose that

i \in N

satisfies condition (2). We prove that for any

w \in F

and

j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}

,

\begin{aligned} D_{g} (w, y_{n}) \leq & D_{g} (w, x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} D_{g} (x_{n}, x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) \\ + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} 〈 w - x_{n}, \nabla g (x_{n}) - \nabla g (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}) 〉 \\ - α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{i})) - \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j})) ∥) . \end{aligned}

(4.16)

Let us show (4.16). For any given

w \in F

and

j \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, N}

, in view of the definition of the Bregman distance (see (1.7)), (1.6), Lemmas 2.3 and 2.5, we obtain

\begin{array}{rcl} D_{g} (w, y_{n}) & = & D_{g} (w, \nabla g^{*} [α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}))]) \\ = & V (w, α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}))) \\ = & g (w) - 〈 w, α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n}) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j})) 〉 \\ + g^{*} (α_{n, 0} \nabla g (x_{n})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j})) \\ \leq & α_{n, 0} g (w) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} g (w) - α_{n, 0} 〈 w, \nabla g (x_{n}) 〉 - \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} 〈 w, \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j})) 〉 \\ + α_{n, 0} g^{*} (\nabla g (x_{n})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} g^{*} (\nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}))) \\ - α_{n, i} α_{n, j} ρ_{s}^{*} (∥ \nabla g (T_{i} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{i})) - \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j})) ∥) \\ = & α_{n, 0} V (w, \nabla g (x_{n})) + \sum_{j = 1}^{N} α_{n, j} V (w, \nabla g (T_{j} (x_{n} + e_{n}^{j}))) \\ - \end{array}