On monotone nonexpansive mappings in CATp(0)$\operatorname{CAT}_{p}(0)$ spaces

*Correspondence: sami.a.shukri@ahu.edu.jo 1Department of Mathematics, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan Abstract In this paper, based on some geometrical properties of CATp(0) spaces, for p ≥ 2, we obtain two fixed point results for monotone multivalued nonexpansive mappings and proximally monotone nonexpansive mappings. Which under some assumptions, reduce to coincide and generalize a fixed point result for monotone nonexpansive mappings. This work is a continuity of the previous work of Ran and Reurings, Nieto and Rodríguez-López done for monotone contraction mappings.


Introduction
Recently, a new direction has been discovered for the extension of the Banach contraction principle [6] to metric spaces endowed with a partial order. Ran and Reurings [20] have successfully carried out the first attempt; in particular, they showed, how this extension is useful when dealing with some special matrix equations. A similar approach was followed by Nieto and Rodríguez-López and used such arguments in solving some differential equations [18]. Bachar and Khamsi [5] studied the existence of fixed points of monotone nonexpansive mappings defined on partially ordered Banach spaces. Dehaish and Khamsi [10] have given an analogue of the fixed point theorem of Browder and Göhde for monotone nonexpansive mappings on a very general nonlinear domain. For a thorough discussion of monotone nonexpansive mappings, see also the paper by Uddin et al. [23]. Recently, Alfuraidan and Khamsi [3] have given an analogue of the fixed point theorem of Goebel and Kirk for monotone asymptotically nonexpansive mapping. In 2005, Sahu [21] introduced nearly asymptotically nonexpansive mapping and proved some fixed point theorems. Aggarwal et al. [1,2] studied some convergence behaviors of monotone nearly asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in partially ordered hyperbolic metric space.
Some classical fixed point theorems for single-valued nonexpansive mappings have been extended to multivalued mappings. The first results in this direction were established by Markin [17] in a Hilbert space setting and by Browder [9] for spaces having a weakly continuous duality mapping. Lami Dozo [16] generalized these results to a Banach space satisfying Opial's condition.
If the fixed point equation Tx = x of a given mapping T does not have a solution, then it is of interest to find an approximate solution for it. In other words, we are in search of an element in the domain of the mapping, whose image is as close to it as possible. This situation motivated to develop the notion of "best proximity point" (see [11,15]). The best proximity point theorems can be viewed as a generalization of fixed point theorems, since most fixed point theorems can be derived as corollaries of best proximity point theorems.
In this work, based on some geometrical properties of CAT p (0) spaces, for p ≥ 2, we obtain two fixed point results for monotone multivalued nonexpansive mappings and proximally monotone nonexpansive mappings. Which under some assumptions, reduce to coincide and generalize a fixed point result for monotone nonexpansive mappings. This work is a continuity of the previous work of Ran and Reurings, Nieto and Rodríguez-López done for monotone contraction mappings.

CAT p (0) spaces
In this section, we introduce the basic notations and terminologies which we will use throughout this work. Let (M, d) be a metric space. A continuous mapping from the in- (1)), for every s, t ∈ [0, 1]. We will say that (M, d) is a geodesic space if every two points x, y ∈ M are connected by a geodesic, i.e., there exists a geodesic γ : [0, 1] → M such that γ (0) = x and γ (1) = y. In this case, we denote such geodesic by [x, y]. Note that in general such a geodesic is not uniquely determined by its endpoints. For a point z ∈ [x, y], we will use the notation z = (1t)x ⊕ ty, where t = d(x, z)/d(x, y) assuming x = y. The metric space (M, d) is called uniquely geodesic if every two points of M are connected by a unique geodesic. In this case [x, y] will denote the unique geodesic connecting x and y in M. A subset C of M is said to be convex whenever [x, y] ⊂ C for any x, y ∈ C.
The most fundamental examples of geodesic metric spaces are normed vector spaces, As nonlinear examples, one can consider the CAT(0) spaces [8].
A metric space M is said to be a CAT(0) space (the term is due to M. Gromov-see, e.g., [8], page 159) if it is geodesically connected, and if every geodesic triangle in M is at least as "thin" as its comparison triangle in the Euclidean plane.
Recently, Khamsi and Shukri in [14], have extended the Gromov geometric definition of CAT(0) spaces to the case when the comparison triangles belong to a general Banach space. In particular, the case when the Banach space is l p , p ≥ 2.
Recall that a geodesic triangle (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) in a geodesic metric space (M, d) consists of three points x 1 , x 2 , x 3 in M (the vertices of ) and a geodesic segment between each pair of vertices (the edges of ). A comparison triangle for geodesic triangle (x 1 , It is obvious that l p , p > 2, is a CAT p (0) space which is not a CAT(0) space [14]. Let x, y 1 , y 2 be in M, and y 1 ⊕y 2 2 be the midpoint of the geodesic [y 1 , y 2 ], then the comparison axiom implies This inequality is the (CN p ) inequality of Khamsi and Shukri [14].

Monotone multivalued nonexpansive mappings
The extension of the Banach contraction principle in metric spaces endowed with a partial order was initiated by Ran and Reurings [20]. In order to discuss such an extension, we will need to assume that the metric space (X, d) is endowed with a partial order . We will say that x, y ∈ X are comparable whenever x y or y x. Recall that an order interval is any of the subsets [a, →) = {x ∈ X; a x} and (←, b] = {x ∈ X; x b}, for any a, b ∈ X.
Next we give the definition of monotone mappings. T is said to be monotone or order-preserving if for any x, y ∈ M.
Next we give the definition of monotone nonexpansive mappings.
for any x, y ∈ M such that x and y are comparable.
The definition of monotone multivalued nonexpansive mappings finds its roots in [13].
be a metric space endowed with a partial order and C a nonempty subset of M. A multivalued mapping T : C → 2 C is said to be monotone increasing (resp. decreasing) nonexpansive if for any x, y ∈ C with x y and any Let us discuss the behavior of type functions in CAT p (0) metric spaces, for p ≥ 2. It is worth mentioning that these functions are very useful when one needs to prove the existence of fixed points of mappings. Recall that τ : M → R + is called a type if there exists a bounded sequence {x n } in M such that Let C be any nonempty, closed, convex and bounded subset of M. Let τ be a type defined on C. Then any minimizing sequence {x n } ⊂ C of τ is convergent. Its limit x is the unique minimum of τ , which is called the asymptotic center of {x n }, and satisfies for any z ∈ C.
Note that the inequality (3.1) is similar to Opial's condition defined in Banach spaces, which is introduced in [19], to give a characterization for weak convergent sequences. From this point of view, an analogue to the weak convergence in l p spaces is introduced in complete CAT p (0) spaces, for p ≥ 2, as follows.
Definition 3. 4 We shall say that {x n } ⊂ M weakly converges to a point x ∈ M if x is the asymptotic center of each subsequence of {x n }. We use the notation x n → ω x.
Clearly, if x n → x, then x n → ω x. If there is a subsequence {x n K } of {x n } such that x n K → ω x for some x ∈ M, we say that x is a weak cluster point of the sequence {x n }. It is obvious that each bounded sequence has a weak cluster point (see Proposition 3.1.2. of [4]). This situation is completely analogous to strong and weak convergences in l p spaces, for p ≥ 2. Now we are ready to state our main result, Proof For x 0 ∈ C T . i.e., there exists y 0 ∈ T(x 0 ) such that x 0 y 0 . Set x 1 = x 0 ⊕y 0 2 . Since order intervals are convex, we have x 0 x 1 y 0 . Since T is monotone increasing multivalued nonexpansive mapping, there is y 1 ∈ T(x 1 ) such that y 0 y 1 and d(y 1 , y 0 ) ≤ d(x 1 , x 0 ). Continuing in this manner we get an iteration sequence {x n } in C defined by By induction, we will prove that x n x n+1 y n y n+1 and d(y n+1 , y n ) ≤ d(x n+1 , x n ), for any n ≥ 1. Note that the sequence {d(x n , y n )} is decreasing. Indeed, It is not difficult to see that for any i, n ∈ N by an induction argument on i. Set r = lim n→+∞ d(y n , x n ). Then, if we let i → +∞ in the above inequality, we get (1 + n 2 )r ≤ δ(C), for any n ≥ 1, where δ(C) = sup{d(x, y); x, y ∈ C} < +∞. This will obviously imply r = 0, i.e., lim n→+∞ d(x n , y n ) = 0. In particular, we have lim n→∞ dist(x n , T(x n )) = 0, where dist x n , T(x n ) = inf d(x n , y); y ∈ T(x n ) .
i.e., T has an approximate fixed point sequence {x n } ∈ C of T.
Since C is bounded and closed, there exists ω ∈ C, a weak cluster point of {x n }, i.e., there exists a subsequence {x n k } of {x n } weakly converging to ω ∈ C.
Since {x n } is monotone increasing, together with the assumption that order intervals are closed, we have x n k ω, for any n ≥ 1. Since T is monotone increasing multivalued nonexpansive mapping, there exists ω n k ∈ T(ω) such that y n k ω n k and d(y n k , ω n k ) ≤ d(x n k , ω), for any n. Assume {ω n k } converges to ω. Since T(ω) is closed, we conclude that ω ∈ T(ω), i.e. ω is a fixed point of T. Indeed, if ω n k w, then there exist a subsequence {z n k } of {ω n k } and > 0 such that d(z n k , ω) > . By the (CN p ) inequality, we observe that Taking lim sup n k →∞ , lim sup Finally, by Theorem 3.1, we conclude lim sup This contradicts the fact that > 0. Therefore, lim n k →∞ ω n k = ω.
The definition of proximally monotone mappings has roots in [7]. Let us define the concept of proximally monotone nonexpansive mappings on a partially ordered metric space. (1) T is said to be proximally monotone if it satisfies the condition: (2) T is said to be proximally monotone nonexpansive mapping if T is proximally monotone and where x, y ∈ A and x and y are comparable.
If A = B, then the above definition coincides with the definition of monotone nonexpansive mappings and the best proximity point x reduces to a fixed point of T.
Next, let us define the nearest point projection P C : M → 2 C by If P C (x) is reduced to one point, for every x in M, then C is said to be a Chebyshev set. In this case, the mapping P C is not seen as a multivalued mapping but a single-valued mapping, i.e., P C : M → C defined by for any x ∈ M. Next, we need the following lemma.
A direct consequence of the (CN p ) inequality is that any complete CAT p (0) space, p ≥ 2, has the property (R) [14].
Next, we need the following lemma.  d(A, B), i.e., u ∈ A 0 and P B (u) ∈ B 0 . Therefore, A 0 is nonempty. Finally, A 0 is a closed convex subset of A. Indeed, that A 0 is closed follows in a straightforward way from its definition and the fact that A is closed. The convexity of the set A 0 follows from the convexity of the metric of CAT p (0) spaces for p ≥ 2. Since A 0 is nonempty and closed convex subset of A, it is bounded.
Similarly, we show that B 0 is a nonempty, bounded and closed convex subset of B.
Now we are ready to obtain our main result for proximally monotone nonexpansive mappings as follows. Proof Note that, for any y 0 ∈ B 0 , there exists a unique x 0 ∈ A 0 such that d(x 0 , y 0 ) = d (A, B). Hence That is, d(A, y) = d(A 0 , y) = d (A, B), for all y ∈ B 0 . Consider the restriction of the nearest point projection P A 0 to B 0 . Since P A 0 is an isometry, our assumption on the mapping T implies that the mapping P A 0 • T : A 0 → A 0 is monotone nonexpansive.
By Lemma 4.2 A 0 is a nonempty, closed and convex subset of A, therefore A 0 is bounded. Taking this all together with Corollary 3.1, we deduce that the monotone nonexpansive mapping P A 0 • T has a fixed point x ∈ A 0 , i.e., x = P A 0 (Tx). Then we have x ∈ A 0 and Tx ∈ B 0 . Hence d(A, B).
Therefore, x is a best proximity point of T in A.
Remark 4.1 If A = B in Theorem 4.1, or T in Theorem 3.2 is assumed to be single-valued, then these results reduce to coincide with Corollary 3.1 and thus generalize a fixed point result for monotone nonexpansive mappings. This is considered to be a continuity of the previous work of Ran and Reurings [20], and Nieto and Rodríguez-López [18] done for monotone contraction mappings.
At the end, we set out to give an example to illustrate our results, and how the best proximity point theorems can be viewed as a generalization of fixed point theorems. The following example has its roots in [22].
Consider the real sequence space X = l p , p > 2.  d(A, B). Therefore, Theorem 4.1 implies that T has a best proximity point x in A. In fact, any x ∈ A is a best proximity point of T.
On the other hand, consider the restriction of the nearest point projection P A to B. Since P A is an isometry, our assumption on the mapping T implies that the mapping P A • T : A → A is a monotone increasing nonexpansive mapping. Reflexivity of the partial order and Corollary 3.1 implies that P A • T has a fixed point x in A. Indeed, the mapping P A • T is the identity mapping I A on A, thus any x ∈ A is a fixed point of P A • T.