Common fixed point theorems for two and three mappings

Abstract

In this paper, we provide common fixed point theorems for two and three commuting mappings which generalize Darbo’s fixed point theorem. An explicit example is given for illustration.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

A contractive condition in terms of a measure of noncompactness, firstly used by Darbo [1], is one of the fruitful tools to obtain fixed point and common fixed point theorems. There are many extensions of this condition which are known as generalizations of Darbo’s fixed point theorem; see for example [2–11] and the references therein.

In recent papers, Hajji–Hanebaly [6] and Hajji [7] proved some fixed point theorems for a pair of commuting operators, generalizing Darbo’s, Sadovski’s and Markov–Kakutani’s fixed point theorems. In [8], Khodabakhshi obtained some new common fixed point results using the technique associated with a measure of noncompactness for two commuting operators.

In the present paper, we make use of some properties of measure of noncompactness to establish new contraction conditions giving rise to common fixed point theorems for two and three commuting mappings. The obtained results can be seen as specific generalizations of Darbo’s fixed point theorem. For illustration, we provide in Sect. 3 a concrete example for which both the classical Darbo’s theorem and its generalization due to Hajji [7] are not applicable. This example shows the powerfulness of the obtained results.

To this end, we begin by fixing some notations, definitions and auxiliary facts which will be needed in the sequel. Let X be a given Banach space. If B is a subset of X then the symbols B̅ and $\operatorname{conv}(B)$ stand for the closure and the convex hull of B, respectively. Moreover, we denote by $\mathfrak{M}_{X}$ the family of all nonempty and bounded subsets of X and by $\mathfrak{N}_{X}$ its subfamily consisting of all relatively compact sets.

From [12], we recall the definition of the measure of noncompactness.

Definition 1.1

A mapping $\mu:\mathfrak{M}_{X} \rightarrow [0,\infty )$ is said to be a measure of noncompactness in X if it satisfies the following conditions:

• (i) The family $\ker \mu =\{A\in \mathfrak{M}_{X}:\mu (A)=0\}$ is nonempty and $\ker \mu \subseteq \mathfrak{N}_{X}$.

• (ii) $A\subseteq B \Rightarrow \mu (A)\leq \mu (B)$.

• (iii) $\mu (\overline{A})=\mu (A)$.

• (iv) $\mu ( \operatorname{conv}(A))=\mu (A)$.

• (v) $\mu (\lambda A+(1-\lambda )B)\leq \lambda \mu (A)+(1-\lambda )\mu (B)$, for any $\lambda \in [0,1]$.

• (vi) If $(A_{n})_{n}$ is a sequence of closed sets from $\mathfrak{M}_{X}$ such that $A_{n+1}\subseteq A_{n}$ for $n=1,2, \ldots$ , and if $\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty } \mu (A_{n})=0$, then the set $A_{\infty }=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty } A_{n}$ is nonempty.

The family kerμ defined in axiom (i) is called the kernel of the measure of noncompactness.

One of the well-known fixed point theorems is due to Schauder. It can be stated as follows [13].

Theorem 1.2

(Schauder’s fixed point theorem)

LetΩbe a nonempty, compact and convex subset of a Banach spaceX. Then each continuous map$T\colon \varOmega \rightarrow \varOmega$has at least one fixed point inΩ.

As a generalization of the above result, we have Darbo’s fixed point theorem [12].

Theorem 1.3

(Darbo’s fixed point theorem)

LetΩbe a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of a Banach spaceXand let$T\colon \varOmega \rightarrow \varOmega$be a continuous mapping. Assume that there exists a constant$k\in [0,1)$such that

$$ \mu (TA)\leq k \mu (A) $$

(1.1)

for any subsetAofΩ. ThenThas a fixed point inΩ.

Definition 1.4

([14])

A mapping T on a convex set A is said to be affine if it satisfies the identity

$$ T\bigl(kx+(1-k)y\bigr)=kTx+(1-k)Ty, $$

whenever $0< k<1$, and $x,y\in A$.

Recently, Hajji obtained in [7] a common fixed point theorem for commuting operators, generalizing Darbo’s fixed point theorem. Namely, we assert the following.

Theorem 1.5

([7])

LetΩbe a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of a Banach spaceXand letTandSbe two continuous mappings fromΩintoΩsuch that

• (a) $TS=ST$.

• (b) Tis affine.

• (c) There exists$k\in [0,1)$such that, for any$A\subseteq \varOmega$, we have

  $$ \mu \bigl(TS(A)\bigr)\leq k\mu (A). $$

  (1.2)

Then the set$\{x\in \varOmega : Tx=Sx=x\}$is nonempty and compact.

2 Main results

In this section, we state and prove our main results on common fixed point theorems for two commuting mappings. We also extend the obtained results to the case of three mappings.

Theorem 2.1

LetΩbe a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of a Banach spaceXand letTandSbe two continuous mappings fromΩintoΩsuch that

• (a) $TS=ST$.

• (b) For any nonempty subsetAofΩ, we have

  $$ \sigma (A)\leq \varphi (SA)-\varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(TA)\bigr)\bigr), $$

  (2.1)

  where$\sigma, \varphi \colon P(\varOmega ) \rightarrow [0,+\infty )$are mappings such thatσsatisfies axioms (i), (ii) and (vi) in Definition 1.1.

Then

• (1) Thas at least one fixed point inΩ.

• (2) If for any nonempty subsetAofΩwe have$S(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(A))\subseteq \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(S (A))$, thenShas at least one fixed point inΩ.

• (3) IfSis affine, thenSandThave a common fixed point inΩ.

Remark 2.2

We recover Darbo’s fixed point theorem by specifying S, σ and φ, for instance, by letting S be the identity mapping, and taking $\sigma =\mu$ and $\varphi =(\frac{1}{1-k})\mu$, μ being a measure of noncompactness and $k\in [0,1)$.

Proof

(1) We define the sequence $\{\varOmega _{n}\}$ as follows:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} \varOmega _{0} =\varOmega, \\ \varOmega _{n}=\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{n-1}), \quad n =1,2,\ldots. \end{cases} $$

For $n=1$, we have $\varOmega _{1}\subseteq \varOmega _{0}$. Suppose that $\varOmega _{n}\subseteq \varOmega _{n-1}$ is true for some $n\geq 1$. Then

$$ \varOmega _{n+1}=\overline{\operatorname{conv}}\bigl(T(\varOmega _{n})\bigr) \subseteq \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}\bigl(T(\varOmega _{n-1})\bigr) = \varOmega _{n}. $$

By induction, we get $\varOmega _{n}\subseteq \varOmega _{n-1}$ for every $n\geq 1$.

Now, let us consider $a_{n}=\varphi (S\varOmega _{n})$. From inequality (2.1), we have

$$ \varphi (S\varOmega _{n})- \varphi \bigl(S\bigl(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T \varOmega _{n})\bigr)\bigr)\geq 0,\quad {\text{for all } n\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}.} $$

It follows that

$$ a_{n+1}=\varphi (S\varOmega _{n+1})=\varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{n})\bigr)\bigr)\leq \varphi (S\varOmega _{n})=a_{n}, \quad{\text{for all } n\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}.} $$

Hence, $\{a_{n}\}$ is a positive non-increasing sequence of real numbers, and therefore there exists $a\geq 0$ such that $a_{n}\rightarrow a$ as $n\rightarrow \infty$. Using inequality (2.1) again, we obtain

$$ \sigma (\varOmega _{n}) \leq \varphi (S\varOmega _{n})- \varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{n}) \bigr)\bigr)= { a_{n} -a_{n+1}}, $$

which implies that

$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty } \sigma (\varOmega _{n})=0. $$

From (vi) of Definition 1.1, we deduce that the set $\varOmega _{\infty }=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty } \varOmega _{n}$ is nonempty. The fact that $\varOmega _{\infty }\subseteq \varOmega _{n}$, for every $n\in \mathbb{N}$, as well as (ii) of Definition 1.1 infer

$$ \sigma (\varOmega _{\infty })\leq \sigma (\varOmega _{n}), \quad\text{for all } n\in \mathbb{N}. $$

Passing to the limit, we get $\sigma (\varOmega _{\infty })=0$. Thus, by using (i) of Definition 1.1, we conclude that $\overline{\varOmega _{\infty }}=\varOmega _{\infty }$ is compact. Moreover, $\varOmega _{\infty }$ is convex since each $\varOmega _{n}$ is convex. Note also that

$$ T(\varOmega _{n}) \subseteq \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T \varOmega _{n})= \varOmega _{n+1}\subseteq \varOmega _{n},\quad n=0,1,2,\ldots $$

Then $T(\varOmega _{\infty })\subseteq \varOmega _{\infty }$. By Theorem 1.2, T has a fixed point in Ω.

(2) Here we use Theorem 1.2 again. From part (1), we have $\varOmega _{\infty }$ is nonempty, compact and convex. So it remains to prove $S(\varOmega _{\infty }) \subseteq \varOmega _{\infty }$. To do this, it suffices to show that $S(\varOmega _{n})\subseteq \varOmega _{n}$ for every $n=1,2,\ldots$

For $n=1$, we have

$$ S(\varOmega _{1})= S\bigl(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{0})\bigr) \subseteq \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}\bigl(S(T \varOmega _{0})\bigr)= \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}\bigl(T(S \varOmega _{0})\bigr) \subseteq \varOmega _{1}. $$

Assuming now that $S(\varOmega _{n}) \subseteq \varOmega _{n}$ is true for some $n\geq 1$. Then

$$ S(\varOmega _{n+1})=S\bigl(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{n})\bigr) \subseteq \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}\bigl(S(T \varOmega _{n})\bigr) \subseteq \varOmega _{n+1}. $$

By induction, we get $S(\varOmega _{n})\subseteq \varOmega _{n}$ for every $n\geq 1$. We can deduce that $S(\varOmega _{\infty }) \subseteq \varOmega _{\infty }$. By Theorem 1.2, S has a fixed point in Ω.

(3) The set $F=\{x\in \varOmega : S(x)=x\}$ is bounded since $F\subseteq \varOmega$ and Ω is bounded, closed by the continuity of S and convex since S is affine. On the other hand, we can see that $S(F)\subseteq F$ and by commutativity of the operators T and S, we get

$$ S\bigl(T(x)\bigr)=T\bigl(S(x)\bigr)=T(x). $$

This to say that $T(x)$ is a fixed point of S for any $x\in F$. Thus $T(F)\subseteq F$ and

$$ \sigma (A)\leq \varphi (SA)-\varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(TA)\bigr)\bigr),\quad {\text{for every } A \subseteq F.} $$

Then by part (1), T has a fixed point in F and therefore S and T have a common fixed point. □

Theorem 2.3

LetΩbe a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of a Banach spaceXand letTandSbe two continuous mappings fromΩintoΩsuch that

• (a) Sis affine.

• (b) $TS=ST$.

• (c) For any nonempty subsetAofΩ, we have

  $$ \sigma (SA)\leq \varphi (A)-\varphi \bigl(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(TA) \bigr), $$

  (2.2)

  where$\sigma, \varphi \colon P(\varOmega ) \rightarrow [0,+\infty )$are mappings such thatσsatisfies axioms (i), (ii), (iii) and (vi) in Definition 1.1.

Then

• (1) TandShave a fixed point inΩ.

• (2) TandShave a common fixed point inΩ.

Proof

(1) We proceed in a similar way to the proof of (1) in the previous theorem. Thus, for given sequence $\{\varOmega _{n}\}$ as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, inequality (2.2) yields

$$ \varphi (\varOmega _{n})- \varphi \bigl(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T \varOmega _{n})\bigr)\geq 0, \quad{\text{for all } n \in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0 \}.} $$

Let ${b}_{n}=\varphi (\varOmega _{n})$, we obtain

$$ {b}_{n+1}=\varphi (\varOmega _{n+1})=\varphi \bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{n})\bigr)\leq \varphi (\varOmega _{n})= {b}_{n}, \quad{\text{for all } n\in \mathbb{N} \cup \{0 \}.} $$

Therefore, $\{{b}_{n}\}$ is a positive non-increasing sequence of real numbers, then there exists ${b}\geq 0$ such that ${b}_{n}\rightarrow {b}$ as $n\rightarrow \infty$. Moreover, from inequality (2.2), we have

$$ \sigma (S\varOmega _{n}) \leq \varphi (\varOmega _{n})- \varphi \bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{n})\bigr)= { b_{n} - b_{n+1}}. $$

This implies that $\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty } \sigma (S\varOmega _{n})=0$. Define $\varOmega _{n}'=\overline{ \operatorname{S}(\varOmega _{n})}$, from (iii) of Definition 1.1, we get

$$ \sigma \bigl(\varOmega _{n}'\bigr)=\sigma \bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{S}(\varOmega _{n})}\bigr)=\sigma \bigl(S( \varOmega _{n})\bigr), $$

so $\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty } \sigma (\varOmega _{n}')=0$. Since the sequence $\{\varOmega _{n}\}$ is nested, we have $\varOmega _{n+1}'\subseteq \varOmega _{n}'$ for all $n\in \mathbb{N}$. In view of property (vi) of Definition 1.1, $\varOmega _{\infty }'=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty } \varOmega _{n}'$ is nonempty. As $\varOmega _{\infty }'\subseteq \varOmega _{n}'$, for every $n\in \mathbb{N}$, from (ii) of Definition 1.1, we obtain

$$ \sigma \bigl(\varOmega _{\infty }'\bigr)\leq \sigma \bigl( \varOmega _{n}'\bigr) \quad\text{for all } n\in \mathbb{N}. $$

As n tends t*o infinity, we obtain $\sigma (\varOmega _{\infty }')=0$. It follows that $\overline{\varOmega _{\infty }'}=\varOmega _{\infty }'$ is compact by means of (i) of Definition 1.1. Moreover, $\varOmega _{\infty }'$ is convex since S is affine. On the other hand, we have $T(\varOmega _{n})\subseteq \varOmega _{n}$ and $S(\varOmega _{n})\subseteq \varOmega _{n}$ which were proved in Theorem 2.1. So we get

$$ T\bigl(\varOmega _{n}'\bigr)\subseteq T\bigl( \overline{S(\varOmega _{n})}\bigr)\subseteq \overline{T\bigl(S( \varOmega _{n})\bigr)}\subseteq \overline{S\bigl(T(\varOmega _{n})\bigr)} \subseteq \overline{S(\varOmega _{n})}= \varOmega _{n}' $$

and

$$ S\bigl(\varOmega _{n}'\bigr)\subseteq S\bigl( \overline{S(\varOmega _{n})}\bigr)\subseteq S( \overline{\varOmega _{n}}) \subseteq \overline{S(\varOmega _{n})}=\varOmega _{n}' ,\quad n=0,1,2,\ldots. $$

This shows that the set $\varOmega _{\infty }'$ is invariant under the operators T and S. Thus, applying Theorem 1.2, S and T have a fixed point in Ω.

(2) In the same way as in part (3) of the proof of Theorem 2.1, we see that $F=\{x\in \varOmega : S(x)=x\}$ is convex, closed and bounded subset of Ω, $T(F)\subseteq F$ and $S(F)\subseteq F$. In addition, from inequality 2.2, we have

$$ \sigma (SA)\leq \varphi (A)-\varphi \bigl(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(TA) \bigr), \quad{\text{for every } A\subseteq F.} $$

Part (1) shows that T has a fixed point in F and therefore S and T have a common fixed point in Ω. □

Now, motivated by the last two results, we establish the following common fixed point theorem for three mappings.

Theorem 2.4

LetΩbe a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of a Banach spaceXand letT, SandHbe three continuous mappings fromΩintoΩsuch that

• (a) Hand S are affine.

• (b) $TS=ST$, $TH=HT$, $SH=HS$.

• (c) For any nonempty subsetAofΩ, we have

  $$ \sigma (HA)\leq \varphi (SA)-\varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(TA)\bigr)\bigr), $$

  (2.3)

  where$\sigma, \varphi \colon P(\varOmega ) \rightarrow [0,+\infty )$are mappings such thatσsatisfies axioms (i), (ii), (iii) and (vi) in Definition 1.1.

Then

• (1) T, SandHhave a fixed point inΩ.

• (2) T, SandHhave a common fixed point inΩ.

Proof

(1) Again, we consider the sequence $\{\varOmega _{n}\}$ defined in the proof of Theorem 2.1 and let ${c}_{n}=\varphi (S\varOmega _{n})$. From inequality (2.3), we have

$$ \varphi (S\varOmega _{n})- \varphi (S\bigl(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T \varOmega _{n})\bigr)\geq 0, \quad{\text{for all } n \in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0 \}.} $$

This implies that

$$ {c}_{n+1}=\varphi (S\varOmega _{n+1})=\varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{n})\bigr)\bigr)\leq \varphi (S\varOmega _{n})= {c}_{n}, \quad{\text{for all } n\in \mathbb{N} \cup \{0\}.} $$

Therefore, $\{{c}_{n}\}$ is a positive non-increasing sequence of real numbers, then there exists ${c}\geq 0$ such that ${c}_{n} \rightarrow{c}$ as $n\rightarrow \infty$. Also, from inequality (2.3), we have

$$ \sigma (H\varOmega _{n}) \leq \varphi (S\varOmega _{n})- \varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T\varOmega _{n}) \bigr)\bigr)= { c_{n} - c_{n+1}}, $$

so $\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty } \sigma (H\varOmega _{n})=0$. Now, if we set $\varOmega _{n}''=\overline{ \operatorname{H}(\varOmega _{n})}$, we can make use of (iii) of Definition 1.1, to show

$$ \sigma \bigl(\varOmega _{n}''\bigr)=\sigma \bigl(\overline{ H(\varOmega _{n})}\bigr)=\sigma \bigl(H( \varOmega _{n})\bigr), $$

so that one can conclude $\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty } \sigma (\varOmega _{n}'')=0$. Since the sequence $\{\varOmega _{n}\}$ is nested, we have $\varOmega _{n+1}''\subseteq \varOmega _{n}''$ for all $n\in \mathbb{N}$. Therefore, by the property (vi) of Definition 1.1$\varOmega _{\infty }''=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty } \varOmega _{n}''$ is nonempty. Moreover, by using (ii) of Definition 1.1, we get

$$ \sigma \bigl(\varOmega _{\infty }''\bigr)\leq \sigma \bigl(\varOmega _{n}''\bigr) \quad\text{for all } n\in \mathbb{N}. $$

Therefore, $\sigma (\varOmega _{\infty }'')=0$, with n tending to infinity. This when combined with (i) of Definition 1.1 give rise to that $\overline{\varOmega _{\infty }''}=\varOmega _{\infty }''$ is compact and convex since H is affine. On the other hand, making use of $T(\varOmega _{n})\subseteq \varOmega _{n}$ and $S(\varOmega _{n})\subseteq \varOmega _{n}$ (see Theorem 2.1), we obtain

$$ T\bigl(\varOmega _{n}''\bigr)= T\bigl( \overline{H(\varOmega _{n})}\bigr)\subseteq \overline{T\bigl(H( \varOmega _{n})\bigr)}\subseteq \overline{H\bigl(T(\varOmega _{n})\bigr)} \subseteq \overline{H(\varOmega _{n})}= \varOmega _{n}'' $$

and

$$ S\bigl(\varOmega _{n}''\bigr)= S\bigl( \overline{H(\varOmega _{n})}\bigr)\subseteq \overline{H\bigl(S( \varOmega _{n})}\bigr) \subseteq \overline{H(\varOmega _{n})}= \varOmega _{n}'',\quad n=0,1,2,\ldots. $$

Similarly to S, in the proof of Theorem 2.1, we can prove $H(\varOmega _{n})\subseteq \varOmega _{n}$. So

$$ { H\bigl(\varOmega _{n}''\bigr)= H\bigl( \overline{H(\varOmega _{n})}\bigr) \subseteq \overline{H\bigl(H( \varOmega _{n})}\bigr) \subseteq \overline{H(\varOmega _{n})}=\varOmega _{n}'',\quad n=0,1,2, \ldots.} $$

Hence, the set $\varOmega _{\infty }''$ is invariant under the operators T, S and H. Thus, Theorem 1.2 implies that S, T and H have a fixed point.

(2) By the same argument as in part (3) of the proof of Theorem 2.1, we see that $F=\{x\in \varOmega : H(x)=x\}$ is convex, closed and bounded subset of Ω, $S(F)\subseteq F$ and $H(F)\subseteq F$. Moreover, from inequality 2.4, we have

$$ \sigma (HA)\leq \varphi (SA)-\varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(TA)\bigr)\bigr), \quad{\text{for every } A \subseteq F}. $$

Then by part (1), the mapping S has a fixed point in F and therefore S and H have a common fixed point. In a similar way, we can prove that T has a fixed point in $K=\{x\in \varOmega :S(x)=H(x)=x\}$. Therefore S, H and T have a common fixed point. □

An immediate consequence of the previous theorem is the following.

Corollary 2.5

LetΩbe a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of a Banach spaceXand letT, SandHbe continuous mappings fromΩintoΩsuch that

• (a) Hand S are affine.

• (b) $TS=ST$, $TH=HT$, $SH=HS$.

• (c) For all$x,y\in \varOmega$

$$ d(Hx,Hy)\leq \beta (Sx,Sy)-\beta (STx,STy), $$

(2.4)

wheredis a metric onXand$\beta \colon \varOmega \times \varOmega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}$is a mapping. Then the set$\{x\in \varOmega :Tx=S x=H x=x\}$is nonempty.

Proof

Let $\mu :\mathfrak{M}_{X} \rightarrow [0,\infty )$ be the mapping defined by the formula

$$ {\sigma }(A)=\operatorname{diam}(A), $$

where $\operatorname{diam}(A)=\sup \{d(x,y): x,y\in A\}$ stands for the diameter of A. It is easily seen that σ is a measure of noncompactness in a space X. In view of (2.4), we have

$$ \inf_{x,y\in A} \beta (STx,STy)\leq \inf_{x,y\in A} \beta (Sx,Sy)- \sup_{x,y\in A} \,d(Hx,Hy). $$

This yields

$$ \sup_{x,y\in A} \,d(Hx,Hy)\leq \inf_{x,y\in A} \beta (Sx,Sy)- \inf_{x,y \in A} \beta (STx,STy). $$

Set $\varphi (A)= \inf_{x,y\in A} \beta (x,y)$, we obtain

$$ \operatorname{diam}\bigl(H(A)\bigr)\leq \varphi \bigl(S(A)\bigr)-\varphi \bigl(ST(A)\bigr). $$

Since $ST(A)\subseteq S(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(T(A)))$, we get

$$ \varphi \bigl(S\bigl(\overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(TA)\bigr)\bigr)\leq \varphi \bigl(ST(A)\bigr). $$

So

$$ \sigma (HA)\leq \varphi (SA)-\varphi \bigl(S\bigl( \overline{ \operatorname{conv}}(TA)\bigr)\bigr). $$

The application of Theorem 2.4 completes the proof. □

To support our results, we give an illustrative example. Precisely, we show that Corollary 2.5 can be used to cover this example while the results due to Darbo [1] and Hajji [7] are not applicable.

3 Example

Let $X=L^{1}(\mathbb{R}_{+})$ be the space of Lebesgue integrable functions on the measurable subset $\mathbb{R}_{+}$ of $\mathbb{R}$ with the standard norm

$$ \Vert x \Vert = \int _{0}^{+\infty } \bigl\vert x(t) \bigr\vert \,dt. $$

Let $k\in L^{1}(\mathbb{R}_{+})$ defined in [7] by

$$ k(t)= \textstyle\begin{cases} e^{-t}, & t\in [0,1], \\ 0, & t>1. \end{cases} $$

For any $A>0$ and for all $t_{1}, t_{2}\in \mathbb{R}_{+}$, the following condition is satisfied (see [7]):

$$ t_{1}< t_{2} \quad\Longrightarrow\quad \int _{0}^{A} k(t_{2}-s) \,ds \leq \int _{0}^{A} k(t_{1}-s) \,ds. $$

Then, using Krzyz’s theorem (see [15]), the linear integral operator

$$ (Kx) (t)= \int _{0}^{\infty }k(t-s)x(s) \,ds $$

transforms the set of non-increasing functions from $L^{1}(\mathbb{R}_{+})$ into itself. Furthermore, the norm of the convolution operator K satisfies (see [7])

$$ \Vert K \Vert \leq 1-e^{-1}. $$

Now, let us consider the three operators defined by

$$\begin{aligned} &Tx(t)=2e^{-1}\bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr)x(t)+e^{-t}, \\ &Sx(t)=\frac{e}{e-1}Kx(t), \\ &Hx(t)=\frac{B}{(1-e^{-1})^{3}} K^{3}\bigl(x\bigl(\phi (t)\bigr)\bigr), \end{aligned}$$

for any $x\in L^{1}(\mathbb{R}_{+})$, where $b>0$, the function $\phi \colon \mathbb{R}_{+} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{+}$ is increasing and absolutely continuous such that $\phi '(t)\geq B$ for some constant $B > 0$ and for almost all $t \in \mathbb{R}_{+}$ and $\frac{b}{B}(1-e^{-1})^{3}\leq 1$. For any $x\in L^{1}(\mathbb{R}_{+})$, we have

$$ \Vert Tx \Vert \leq \int _{0}^{\infty } e^{-t} \,dt+ 2e^{-1} \bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr) \Vert x \Vert \leq 1+2e^{-1} \bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr) \Vert x \Vert . $$

Hence, for $\Vert x\Vert \leq r$, we have

$$ \Vert Tx \Vert \leq 1+2e^{-1}\bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr)r, $$

and if we take

$$ 1+2e^{-1}\bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr)r=r, $$

then

$$ r=\frac{1}{1-2e^{-1}(1-e^{-1})}. $$

Moreover, for $\Vert x\Vert \leq r$, we have

$$ \Vert Sx \Vert \leq \frac{e}{e-1} \Vert K \Vert \Vert x \Vert \leq \frac{1}{1-e^{-1}} \bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr) \Vert x \Vert = \Vert x \Vert \leq r $$

and

$$ \Vert Hx \Vert \leq \frac{b \Vert K \Vert ^{3}}{B} \Vert x \Vert \leq \frac{b}{B}\bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr)^{3} \Vert x \Vert \leq \Vert x \Vert \leq r. $$

This implies that T, S and H map $B_{r}$ into $B_{r}$, where $r=\frac{1}{1-2e^{-1}(1-e^{-1})}$. Further, let $\varOmega =Q_{r}$ be the subset of the ball $B_{r}$ consisting of all functions that are a.e positive and non-increasing on $\mathbb{R}_{+}$, which is nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of $L^{1}(\mathbb{R}_{+})$ (see [16]). Thus, since T, S and H are positive and non-increasing on $\mathbb{R}_{+}$, T, S and H map $Q_{r}$ into $Q_{r}$. Whence, for any $A\subseteq Q_{r}$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} &\sigma (SA)\leq \sigma (A), \\ &\sigma (HA)\leq \sigma (A), \\ &\sigma (HSA)\leq \sigma (A), \end{aligned}$$

where $\sigma (A)=\sup \{\Vert x-y\Vert : x,y\in A\}$. Observe that S, H and SH are σ-non-expansive. Then neither Darbo’s fixed point theorem [1] nor Hajji’s fixed point theorem [7] can be applied. On the other hand, for $x,y \in Q_{r}$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert Hx-Hy \Vert &\leq \frac{b}{B}\bigl(1-e^{-1} \bigr)^{2} \Vert Kx-Ky \Vert \\ &\leq \frac{b}{B} \bigl[\bigl(1+e^{-2}\bigr) \Vert Kx-Ky \Vert -2e^{-1} \Vert Kx-Ky \Vert \bigr] \\ &\leq \frac{b}{B} \biggl[\frac{e}{e-1} \Vert Kx-Ky \Vert -2e^{-1} \Vert Kx-Ky \Vert \biggr] \\ &\leq \frac{b}{B} \biggl[ \Vert Sx-Sy \Vert -2e^{-1} \frac{e-1}{e} \frac{e}{e-1} \Vert Kx-Ky \Vert \biggr] \\ &\leq \frac{b}{B} \bigl[ \Vert Sx-Sy \Vert -2e^{-1} \bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr) \Vert Sx-Sy \Vert \bigr] \\ &\leq \frac{b}{B} \Vert Sx-Sy \Vert -\frac{b}{B} \bigl\Vert 2e^{-1}\bigl(1-e^{-1}\bigr) ( Sx-Sy ) \bigr\Vert . \end{aligned}$$

Therefore

$$ \Vert Hx-Hy \Vert \leq \frac{b}{B} \Vert Sx-Sy \Vert - \frac{b}{B} \Vert TSx-TSy \Vert . $$

Taking $\beta (x,y)=\frac{b}{B} \Vert x-y \Vert$, we get

$$ d(Hx,Hy)= \Vert Hx-Hy \Vert \leq \beta (Sx,Sy)-\beta (STx,STy). $$

Moreover, S and H commute and, since the function $e^{-t}$ for any $t\in \mathbb{R}_{+}$ is a fixed point of K, we have $TS=ST$ and $TH=HT$ (see [7]). Finally, since S and H are affine, we conclude from Corollary 2.4 that T, S and H have a common fixed point $L^{1}(\mathbb{R}_{+})$.