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- Open Access
Iterative approximation of common attractive points of further generalized hybrid mappings
- Safeer Hussain Khan1Email author
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13663-018-0633-4
© The Author(s) 2018
- Received: 12 October 2017
- Accepted: 5 February 2018
- Published: 5 March 2018
Abstract
Our purpose in this paper is (i) to introduce the concept of further generalized hybrid mappings, (ii) to introduce the concept of common attractive points (CAP), and (iii) to write and use Picard-Mann iterative process for two mappings. We approximate common attractive points of further generalized hybrid mappings by using iterative process due to Khan (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013:69, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-69) generalized to the case of two mappings in Hilbert spaces without closedness assumption. Our results are generalizations and improvements of several results in the literature in different ways.
Keywords
- Common attractive points
- Further generalized hybrid mappings
- Weak convergence
MSC
- 47H09
- 47H10
- 47H99
1 Introduction and preliminaries
From this definition, neither an attractive point is a fixed point nor conversely. However, for a relation between the two, see Lemmas 1 and 3. Basically this concept was introduced to get rid of the hypothesis of closedness and convexity as used in a well-celebrated Baillon’s nonlinear ergodic theorem in Hilbert spaces [6]. They also proved an existence theorem for attractive points without convexity in Hilbert spaces. In these theorems, they used the so-called generalized hybrid mappings (to be defined in the sequel) whose class is larger than the class of nonexpansive mappings used in Baillon’s theorem. Since we are interested in the existence theorem, we state it as follows.
Theorem 1
(Takahashi and Takeuchi [5])
Let H be a Hilbert space and C be a nonempty subset of H. Let \(T:C\rightarrow C\) be a generalized hybrid mapping. Then T has an attractive point if and only if \(\exists z\in C\) such that \(\{T^{n}z:n=0,1,\ldots\}\) is bounded.
Obviously, the hypothesis does not require any closedness or convexity. Takahashi and Takeuchi [5] also gave some properties of the attractive points as follows.
Lemma 1
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of H. Let \(T:C\rightarrow C\) be a mapping. If \(A(T)\neq\varnothing\), then \(F(T)\neq\varnothing\).
Lemma 2
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty subset of H. Let \(T:C\rightarrow H\) be a mapping. Then \(A(T)\) is a closed and convex subset of H.
Later, the following was noted by Takahashi et al. [7] for quasi-non-expansive mappings.
Lemma 3
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty subset of H. Let \(T:C\rightarrow H\) be a quasi-nonexpansive mapping (that is, \(\Vert Tx-z \Vert \leq \Vert x-z \Vert \), \(z\in F(T)\)). Then \(A(T)\cap C=F(T)\).
Let \(l^{\infty}\) be the Banach space of bounded sequences with supremum norm and \((l^{\infty})^{\ast}\) be its dual space (set of all continuous linear functionals on \(l^{\infty}\)). It is well known that there exists \(\mu\in(l^{\infty})^{\ast}\) (that is, there exists a continuous linear functional on \(l^{\infty}\)) such that \(\Vert \mu \Vert =\mu(1)=1 \) and \(\mu_{n}(x_{n+1})=\mu_{n}(x_{n})\) for each \(x=(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},\ldots)\in l^{\infty}\). Such μ is called a Banach limit. Sometimes \(\mu_{n}(x_{n})\) is denoted by \(\mu(x)\). It is also known that for a Banach limit \(\mu,\liminf_{n\rightarrow\infty }x_{n}\leq\mu(x)\leq\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_{n}\) for each \(x=(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},\ldots)\in l^{\infty}\). As a special case, if \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_{n}\) exists and is a, then \(\mu(x)=a\) too. This means the idea of a Banach limit is an extension of the idea of usual limits. It is also a well-known result that for a bounded sequence \(\{x_{n} \} \) in a Hilbert space H, there exists unique \(u_{0}\in \overline{\operatorname{co}}\{x_{n}:n\in\mathbb{N}\}\) such that \(\mu_{n} \langle x_{n},v \rangle= \langle u_{0},v \rangle\) for all \(v\in H\).
Recall that for every closed convex subset C of a Hilbert space H, there exists a metric projection \(P_{C}:H\rightarrow C\). That is, for each \(x\in H\), there is a unique element \(P_{C}x\in C\) such that \(\Vert x-P_{C}x \Vert \leq \Vert x-y \Vert \) for all \(y\in C\). We also need the following lemma due to Takahashi and Toyoda [8].
Lemma 4
Let K be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space H. Let \(P_{K}:H\rightarrow K\) be the metric projection. Let \(\{x_{n}\}\) be a sequence in H. If \(\Vert x_{n+1}-k \Vert \leq \Vert x_{n}-k \Vert \) for any \(k\in K\) and \(n\in\mathbb {N}\), then \(\{P_{K}x_{n}\}\) converges strongly to some \(k_{0}\in K\).
In short, we approximate common attractive points of (1.3) through (1.6) in Hilbert spaces without closedness of C. Our results are generalizations and improvements of several results in the literature as mentioned later in this paper.
2 Main results
Let us first give some useful properties of \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\) on the lines similar to Lemmas 1, 2, and 3. For the sake of simplicity, we take the same parameters \(\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta ,\varepsilon\in\mathbb{R}\) for the two further generalized hybrid mappings S, T as defined in (1.3).
Lemma 5
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of H. Let \(S,T:C\rightarrow C\) be two mappings. If \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\neq\varnothing\), then \(F(S)\cap F(T)\neq\varnothing\). In particular, if \(z\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\), then \(P_{C}z\in F(S)\cap F(T)\).
Proof
Let \(z\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\). Then \(z\in A(S)\) and \(z\in A(T)\) (and of course \(z\in H\)). Thus there is a unique element \(u=P_{C}z\in C\) such that \(\Vert u-z \Vert \leq \Vert y-z \Vert \) for all \(y\in C\). Now \(Tu\in C\) implies \(\Vert u-z \Vert \leq \Vert Tu-z \Vert \). On the other hand, \(z\in A(T)\), therefore \(\Vert Ty-z \Vert \leq \Vert y-z \Vert \) for all \(y\in C\) and, in particular, \(\Vert Tu-z \Vert \leq \Vert u-z \Vert \). Thus \(\Vert Tu-z \Vert \leq \Vert u-z \Vert \leq \Vert Tu-z \Vert \) and hence \(u\in F(T)\). Similarly, \(u\in F(S)\) and so \(F(S)\cap F(T)\neq\varnothing\) and \(u=P_{C}z\in F(S)\cap F(T)\). □
Lemma 6
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty subset of H. Let \(S,T:C\rightarrow C\) be two mappings. Then \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\) is a closed and convex subset of H.
Proof
Since the intersection of two closed sets is closed and that of two convex sets is convex, the proof follows on the lines similar to Lemma 2.3 of [5]. □
Lemma 7
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty subset of H. Let \(S,T:C\rightarrow H\) be two quasi-nonexpansive mappings. Then \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\cap C=F(S)\cap F(T)\).
Proof
Let \(z\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\cap C\). Then, by definition, \(\max( \Vert Sx-z \Vert , \Vert Tx-z \Vert \leq \Vert x-z \Vert )\) for all \(x\in C\). In particular, choosing \(x=z\in C\), we obtain \(\max( \Vert Sz-z \Vert , \Vert Tz-z \Vert )\leq0\). That is, \(z\in F(S)\cap F(T)\). Conversely, since \(z\in F(S)\cap F(T)\) and \(S,T:C\rightarrow H\) are quasi-nonexpansive mappings, we have \(\Vert Sx-z \Vert \leq \Vert x-z \Vert , \Vert Tx-z \Vert \leq \Vert x-z \Vert \) for all \(x\in C\). This implies that \(\max( \Vert Sx-z \Vert , \Vert Tx-z \Vert )\leq \Vert x-z \Vert \) for all \(x\in C\). Clearly, \(z\in C\). Hence \(z\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\cap C\). This completes the proof. □
Our next result is an existence theorem on common attractive points of two further generalized hybrid mappings (1.3) without any use of closedness and convexity. This result is followed by some important remarks on comparing it with some results in the current literature.
Theorem 2
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty subset of H. Let \(S,T:C\rightarrow C\) be two further generalized hybrid mappings as defined in (1.3) which satisfy \(\alpha+\beta +\gamma +\delta\geq0\), \(\varepsilon\geq0\) and either \(\alpha+\beta>0\) or \(\alpha +\gamma>0\). Then \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\neq\varnothing\) if and only if there exists \(z\in C\) such that both \(\{S^{n}z,n=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) and \(\{ T^{n}z,n=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) are bounded.
Proof
Suppose that \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\neq\varnothing\) and \(z\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\). Then, by definition, \(\max( \Vert Sx-z \Vert , \Vert Tx-z \Vert )\leq \Vert x-z \Vert \) for all \(x\in C\). This means that \(\Vert S^{n+1}x-z \Vert \leq \Vert S^{n}x-z \Vert \) and \(\Vert T^{n+1}x-z \Vert \leq \Vert T^{n}x-z \Vert \) for all \(x\in C\) and \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). That is, both \(\{ S^{n}z,n=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) and \(\{T^{n}z,n=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) are bounded.
Conversely, suppose that there exists \(z\in C\) such that \(\{S^{n}z,n=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) as well as \(\{T^{n}z,n=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) is bounded. Suppose that \(\max( \Vert Sx-z \Vert , \Vert Tx-z \Vert )= \Vert Tx-z \Vert \). After doing long calculations on the lines similar to Theorem 8 of [11], we find that there exists \(p\in H\) such that \(\Vert Tx-p \Vert ^{2}\leq \Vert x-p \Vert ^{2}\). This means that \(p\in A(T)\). However, by our supposition on maximum, we get \(\Vert Sx-p \Vert ^{2}\leq \Vert x-p \Vert ^{2}\). Thus \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\neq\varnothing\). In case, \(\max( \Vert Sx-z \Vert , \Vert Tx-z \Vert )= \Vert Sx-z \Vert \), we can get the result by interchanging the roles of S and T. □
This theorem constitutes a generalization of Theorem 3.1 of [7] and the results generalized therein when \(S=T\) and \(\varepsilon=0\). Clearly this theorem handles existence of common attractive points, so it is independent of Theorem 8 of [11]. But a special case of our result when \(S=T\) can be obtained from Theorem 8 of [11] by choosing \(\varsigma=\eta=0\). However, even in this special case, it is more general in the sense that our class of mappings is simpler and always covers the class of quasi-nonexpansive mappings as opposed to Theorem 8 of [11]. The same holds for all the results of [11].
Let us now come to one of our main targets of proving a weak convergence theorem in Hilbert spaces without needing closedness of C.
Theorem 3
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty convex subset of H. Let \(S,T:C\rightarrow C\) be two further generalized hybrid mappings as defined in (1.3) which satisfy \(\alpha+\beta +\gamma +\delta\geq0\), \(\varepsilon\geq0\) and either \(\alpha+\beta>0\) or \(\alpha +\gamma>0\). Let \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\neq\varnothing\). If \(\{x_{n}\}\) is defined by (1.6), where \(\{\alpha_{n}\}\) is a sequence in \((0,1)\) with \(\liminf \alpha_{n}(1-\alpha_{n})>0\), then \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges weakly to a point \(q\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\). Moreover, \(q=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}Px_{n}\), where P is a projection of H onto \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\).
Proof
Subtracting we get \(2 \langle q_{1}-q_{2},q_{2}-q_{1} \rangle=0\) and hence \(q_{1}=q_{2}\). In turn, \(x_{n}\rightharpoonup q\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\).
Finally, we show that \(q=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}Px_{n}\), where P is the projection of H onto \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\). Now from (2.1) it follows that \(\Vert x_{n+1}-z \Vert \leq \Vert x_{n}-z \Vert \) for all \(z\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\) and \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Since \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\) is closed and convex by Lemma 6, applying Lemma 4, \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}Px_{n}=p\) for some \(p\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\). It is well known for projections that \(\langle x_{n}-Px_{n},Px_{n}-z \rangle \geq0\) for all \(z\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\) and \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Therefore, \(\langle q-p,p-z \rangle\geq0\) for all \(z\in \operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\) and, in particular, \(\langle q-p,p-q \rangle\geq0\). Hence, \(q=p=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}Px_{n}\). □
Although the following is a corollary to the above theorem, it is a new result in itself. As already mentioned, the iterative process (1.5) is independent but faster than several iterative processes, therefore this corollary has its own standing.
Corollary 1
Let H, C, T and α, β, γ, δ, ε be as in Theorem 3. Let \(A(T)\neq\varnothing\). If \(\{ x_{n}\}\) is defined by the iterative process (1.5), where \(\{\alpha _{n}\}\) is a sequence in \((0,1)\) with \(\liminf\alpha_{n}(1-\alpha_{n})>0\), then \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges weakly to a point \(q\in A(T)\). Moreover, \(q=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}Px_{n}\), where P is the projection of H onto \(A(T)\).
Proof
Choose \(S=T\) in the above theorem. □
Corollary 2
Let H, C, T and α, β, γ, δ, ε be as in Theorem 3. Let \(A(T)\neq\varnothing\). If \(\{ x_{n}\}\) is defined by Mann iterative process (1.4), where \(\{\alpha _{n}\}\) is a sequence in \((0,1)\) with \(\liminf\alpha_{n}(1-\alpha_{n})>0\), then \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges weakly to a point \(q\in A(T)\). Moreover, \(q=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}Px_{n}\), where P is the projection of H onto \(A(T)\).
Proof
Choose \(S=I\) in the above theorem. □
Remarks
In view of Lemma 2, in Theorem 3, instead of assuming \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\neq\varnothing\), we could have assumed that there exists \(z\in C\) such that both \(\{S^{n}z,n=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) and \(\{T^{n}z,n=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) are bounded. Similar remark applies to Corollaries 1 and 2.
Now we give some remarks on how our above results are generalizations and improvements of the results in the existing literature.
Remarks
- (1)
Theorem 5.1 of [7] can now be obtained by choosing either \(S=I\), \(\varepsilon=0\) in Theorem 3 or \(\varepsilon=0\) in Corollary 2.
- (2)
Corollary 2 can be viewed as an improvement and extension of Theorem 8 of [11] in the sense that (i) our class of mappings is simpler and (ii) it contains the class of quasi nonexpansive mappings as opposed to [11]. Corollary 1 not only keeps this sense but also gives faster convergence (see [1]).
- (3)
Corollary 1 (leave alone our Theorem 3) generalizes Corollary 4.3 of Zheng [17] in two ways: we do not need closedness of C and the class of our mappings is much more general than that of [17].
- (4)
Of course, all corresponding results generalized in [7] and [11] are part and parcel of the above remarks.
If, in addition, we use the closedness of C in Theorem 3, then we have the following:
Theorem 4
Let H be a real Hilbert space, and let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of H. Let \(S,T:C\rightarrow C\) be two further generalized hybrid mappings, as defined in (1.3), which satisfy \(\alpha+\beta +\gamma +\delta\geq0\), \(\varepsilon\geq0\) and either \(\alpha+\beta>0\) or \(\alpha +\gamma>0\). Let \(\operatorname{CAP}(S,T)\neq\varnothing\). If \(\{x_{n}\}\) is defined by (1.6), where \(\{\alpha_{n}\}\) is a sequence in \((0,1)\) with \(\liminf \alpha_{n}(1-\alpha_{n})>0\), then \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges weakly to a point \(P_{C}q\in F(S)\cap F(T)\), where \(q\in H\) and \(P_{C}:H\rightarrow C\) is the metric projection.
3 Conclusions
In this paper, we have introduced the concepts of further generalized hybrid mappings and common attractive points (CAP). We have given some basic properties of common attractive points and have compared them with common fixed points. Further, we have shown that our newly introduced class of mappings contains many important classes and is better than some apparently looking more general mappings in the literature. We have given an existence theorem on common attractive points. Then, using a two-mapping variant of Picard-Mann iterative process, we have approximated the common attractive points of further generalized hybrid mappings in Hilbert spaces without closedness on its subsets. Our results also show a contrast of common attractive points with common fixed points. Our results can open the door for further research activity in the field for other mappings, other iterative processes, or other ambient spaces.
Notes
Declarations
Acknowledgements
(1) The author remains grateful to his Ph.D. advisor Professor Wataru Takahashi for what he has learnt from him throughout his career. (2) The author thanks anonymous referees for their careful reading and suggestions.
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Authors’ contributions
The sole author contributed 100% to the article. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The author declares that he has no competing interests.
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Authors’ Affiliations
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