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Viscosity approximation methods for nonexpansive nonself-mappings without boundary conditions
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2014, Article number: 61 (2014)
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce several types of viscosity approximation methods for nonexpansive nonself-mappings in certain Banach spaces. Using new analysis techniques, we prove several strong convergence theorems for nonexpansive nonself-mappings in certain Banach spaces without boundary conditions.
MSC: 47H05, 47H09, 47H10.
1 Introduction
Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Banach space E and let T be a nonexpansive mapping defined on C, that is, for all . Denote by the set of fixed points of T; that is, .
In general, the domain of T is a proper subset of E. In this case, some iterative algorithms associated with T may not be well defined. Therefore, it is interesting to find some conditions under which the algorithms considered are well defined.
Recently, the problem of approximating fixed points for nonexpansive nonself-mappings has been paid much attention to by many authors, see [1–4]. Moreover, in [5], Song and Chen introduced two iterative methods (one is implicit and the other is explicit) and established the strong convergence of such two methods in certain Banach spaces, if T satisfies the weakly inward condition and . Further, in [6], Matsushita and Takahashi introduced a new condition (2.2). They proved the following. (i) If T satisfies the weakly inward condition, then T satisfies the condition (2.2). (ii) If E is a strictly convex Banach space, is a nonexpansive mapping such that and C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E, then T satisfies the condition (2.2). (iii) If T satisfies the condition (2.2), then , where Q is a sunny nonexpansive retraction from E onto C. Using these results, they proved two strong convergence theorems for nonexpansive nonself-mappings in certain Banach spaces without any boundary conditions.
We remark in the passing that the convergence theorems of Song and Chen [5] are not applicable to and for any . Although the convergence theorems of Matsushita and Takahashi [6] work in the Banach spaces of and for all , they could not be used to find the minimum-norm fixed point of the underlying mappings in a Hilbert space. Moreover, the proof lines of Theorem 4.2 in [6] are really long.
Our concern now is the following.
-
(1)
Can one present an indirect and simple method for proving Theorem 4.2 of Matsushita and Takahashi [6]?
-
(2)
Can one extend Theorem 4.2 to both the more general Banach spaces and the more broad Meir-Keeler contractions?
-
(3)
Can one improve the main results of [6] so that new convergence theorems hold true under less assumptions?
The purpose of this paper is to study and solve all problems mentioned above by improving and generalizing several recent results. Several new iterative schemes are introduced and several strong convergence theorems are established by using new analysis techniques.
2 Preliminaries
Let E be a real Banach space and let be the dual of E. Denote by the duality product. A Banach space E is said to be strictly convex if for all with and . It is also said to be uniformly convex if for any two sequences , in E such that and . Let be the unit sphere of E. The norm of E is said to be Gâteaux differentiable if the limit
exists for each . Such an E is called a smooth Banach space. The norm of a Banach space E is said to be uniformly Gâteaux differentiable if for each y in U, the limit of (2.1) is attained uniformly for x in U. The norm of E is said to be Fréchet differentiable if for each , the limit of (2.1) is attained uniformly for . The norm of E is also said to be uniformly Fréchet differentiable if the limit of (2.1) is attained uniformly for . In this case, E is called a uniformly smooth Banach space. The normalized duality mapping J from E into is defined by
for each . The duality mapping J has the following basic properties; see [7, 8] for details.
Proposition 2.1
-
(1)
for each and .
-
(2)
If E is smooth, then J is single valued.
-
(3)
If E is smooth, then J is norm-to-weak ∗ continuous.
-
(4)
If E has a uniformly Gâteaux differentiable norm, then J is norm-to-weak ∗ uniformly continuous on bounded sets of E.
-
(5)
If the norm of E is (uniformly) Fréchet differentiable, then it is (uniformly) Gâteaux differentiable.
-
(6)
If Banach space E is uniformly smooth, then J is norm-to-norm uniformly continuous on bounded sets of E.
Recall that a mapping is said to satisfy the weakly inward condition [7, 8] if for all , where
and denotes the closure of the set .
Remark 2.1 (i) for all ;
(ii) if x is an interior of C, then ;
(iii) if C is a convex subset of E, then is also convex and
(iv) if both and satisfy the weakly inward condition, then so does a convex combination of f and g.
Let D be a subset of C and let Q be a mapping from C to D. Then Q is said to be sunny if whenever for and . A mapping Q from C into itself is said to be a retraction if . A set D is said to be a sunny nonexpansive retract of C if there exists a sunny nonexpansive retraction from C into D [7, 8]. It is very well known that if E is a smooth Banach space and C is a nonempty closed convex subset of E, then there exists at most one sunny nonexpansive retraction Q from E onto C. In a Hilbert space H, there exists a unique sunny nonexpansive retraction .
Proposition 2.2 Let C be a nonempty convex subset of a real smooth Banach space E, and a retraction. Then the following statements are equivalent:
-
(1)
Q is both sunny and nonexpansive;
-
(2)
for all and ;
-
(3)
for all .
Let Q be a sunny nonexpansive retraction from E to C. Define a set
for . A nonself-mapping is said to satisfy the Matsushita-Takahashi condition (MT condition, for short) if
for all , where denotes the complementary set of . If E is a Hilbert space, then the MT condition is equivalent to the nowhere-normal outward condition introduced by Matsushita and Kuroiwa [9].
Matsushita and Takahashi [6] proved the following interesting results.
Proposition 2.3 Let C be a closed convex subset of a smooth Banach space E and let T be a mapping from C into E. Suppose that C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E. If T satisfies the weakly inward condition, then T satisfies the MT condition.
Proposition 2.4 Let C be a closed convex subset of a strictly convex Banach space E and let T be a mapping from C into E. Suppose that C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E. If , then T satisfies the MT condition.
Proposition 2.5 Let C be a closed convex subset of a smooth Banach space E and let T be a mapping form C into E. Suppose that C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E. If T satisfies the MT condition, then
where Q is the unique sunny nonexpansive retraction from E onto C.
By a careful observation, we have the following more rich and nice result.
Lemma 2.1 Let C be a closed convex subset of smooth Banach space E and let T be a mapping form C into E. Suppose that C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E. If T satisfies the MT condition, then
where Q is the unique sunny nonexpansive retraction form E onto C.
Proof The first ‘=’ follows from Proposition 2.5. Now we prove that second ‘=’ holds. Assume that ; then
which shows that . In view of Proposition 2.5, , thus, we get , which turns out that . The converse inclusion relation that ‘’ is obvious, consequently, . The proof is completed. □
Remark 2.2 The fact that is very important. By virtue of this fact, we can invent and create some novel argument methods for strong convergence of the some kinds of iterative algorithms.
Let be a metric space and C a subset of X. Recall that a mapping is called a Meir-Keeler contraction (MKC for short) [10], if for arbitrary , there exists such that
In [10], Meir and Keeler proved the following interesting fixed point theorem.
Theorem MK Let be a complete metric space and let Φ be a MKC on X. Then Φ has a unique fixed point in X.
Remark 2.3 If C is a nonempty closed (convex) subset of a complete metric space , then the conclusion of Theorem MK is still true.
The following results can be found in [11].
Proposition 2.6 Let E be a Banach space C a convex subset of E, and a MKC. Then , there exists such that
for all with .
Proposition 2.7 Let C be a nonempty convex subset of a Banach space E, a nonexpansive mapping and a MKC. Then
-
(i)
T Φ and are all Meir-Keeler contractions;
-
(ii)
, define a mapping by
then is a MKC.
Remark 2.4 When Φ is not a self-mapping, then conclusion of (i) is still true, provided that T Φ or ΦT is well defined. The conclusion of (ii) holds true for nonself-mappings T and Φ.
Proposition 2.8 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a reflexive and strictly convex Banach space E, whose norm is uniformly Gâteaux differentiable. Let be a nonexpansive mapping with and a MKC. Then the following statements are true:
-
(i)
, there exists a unique continuous path such that
(2.5)further, as , converges strongly to a fixed point z of T, which solves the following variational inequality:
-
(ii)
for arbitrary initial data , a sequence is generated by
(2.6)
where is a real sequence satisfying conditions:
(C1) ; (C2) ; and (C3) or ().
Then converges strongly to the same point z as in (i).
Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a Banach space E, a MKC and a nonexpansive mapping. Let Q be a sunny nonexpansive retraction form E onto C. For each , the mapping is a MKC by Proposition 2.7(ii), and hence the mapping is a MKC by Proposition 2.7(i). Then the fixed point Theorem MK ensures that for each , there exists a unique element such that
which inspires us to consider the following discrete iterative sequence :
where is a real sequence that satisfies certain conditions.
We also consider a variant of (2.8):
where is a real sequence that satisfies less restriction. We shall prove that the path defined by (2.7) and the sequences defined by (2.8) and (2.9), respectively, converge strongly to a fixed point of T which solves variational inequality (VI).
In order to achieve the objective above, we cite the following known results; see [11].
Proposition 2.9 Let E be a Banach space, and two bounded sequences in E that satisfy the relation:
where is a real sequence satisfying . Then ().
Proposition 2.10 Let be a nonnegative real sequence that satisfies inequality:
where is a real sequence in satisfying conditions (i) and (ii) . Then ().
3 Main results
Theorem 3.1 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a reflexive and strictly convex Banach space E whose norm is uniformly Gâteaux differentiable. Let be a nonexpansive mapping with and a MKC. Suppose also that C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E and let Q be the unique sunny nonexpansive retraction from E onto C. Then the path defined by (2.7) converges strongly to z which solves the variational inequality
equivalently, , where is the unique sunny nonexpansive retraction from E onto .
Proof Set . Then (2.7) reduces to and
Write and . Then (3.1) reduces to
In view of Proposition 2.7(i), we know that is a MKC on E and is a nonexpansive mapping on E. From Proposition 2.8(i), we conclude that converges strongly to a fixed point z of , which solves the variational inequality:
It follows from Proposition 2.4 that T satisfies the MT condition.
By virtue of Lemma 2.1, we have , which implies that and hence , which gives
Consequently, , and which solves the variational inequality (VI)
which is equivalent to by Proposition 2.2. □
Theorem 3.2 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a reflexive and strictly convex Banach space E, whose norm is uniformly Gâteaux differentiable. Let be a nonexpansive mapping with and a MKC. Suppose also that C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E and let Q be the unique sunny nonexpansive retraction from E onto C. Let be a real sequence satisfying conditions (C1), (C2), and (C3) given in Proposition 2.8. Then the sequence defined by (2.8) converges strongly to z which solves the variational inequality (VI)
Proof Set . Then (2.8) reduces to and
Write , and . Then (3.5) reduces to
In view of Proposition 2.7(i), is a MKC on E and is a nonexpansive mapping on E. Obviously, satisfies the conditions (i) ; (ii) ; and (iii) or (). By Proposition 2.8(ii), we conclude that converges strongly a fixed point of z of , which solves the variational inequality:
In view of Lemma 2.1, we know that , which implies that and hence , which yields .
Consequently, , and hence , converges strongly to which solves the variational inequality (VI):
The proof is completed. □
Remark 3.1 Theorem 3.1 improves and generalizes Theorem 2.2 due to Song and Chen [5]; Theorem 3.2 improves and generalizes Theorem 2.4 due to Song and Chen [5] and Theorem 4.2 due to Matsushita and Takahashi [6]. We point out that our method of argumentation is much simpler than the ones used by Song and Chen [5], and Matsushita and Takahashi [6].
In order to establish the strong convergence of (2.9), we first consider a special case of (2.9):
Theorem 3.3 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a reflexive and strictly convex Banach space E, whose norm is uniformly Gâteaux differentiable. Let be a nonexpansive mapping with . Suppose also that C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E and let Q be the unique sunny nonexpansive retraction from E onto C. Let be a sequence satisfying conditions (C1) and (C2) . Then the sequence defined by (3.8) converges strongly to a fixed point z of T, which solves the following variational inequality:
Proof We split the proof into four steps.
Step 1. is bounded.
Indeed, set , and take a fixed point . Then we have
for all , hence is bounded, so is .
Step 2. ().
Observe that
for some positive constant .
We have
By virtue of Proposition 2.9, we claim that ().
Step 3. , where , and is the unique sunny nonexpansive retraction from C onto , which is guaranteed by Theorem 3.1.
Notice that
and , we have
For , let be the path defined by
Since is a nonexpansive self-mapping, using Theorem 2 of Morales and Jung [12], we see that converges strongly to by Lemma 2.1 as , where . Using Lemma 2.1 of Song et al. [13], we conclude that
Step 4. ().
By using the definition of and Proposition 2.2(3), we have
from which one derives
By virtue of (3.8), (3.10), and the convexity of , we have
where and . It is easily to see that and () in view of step 3. Now we shall show that . Indeed, from step 1, we know that and are bounded. By step 2, , it follows from Proposition 2.1(4) that
and hence . Consequently, (3.11) reduces to
Set , . Then (3.12) reduces to
where satisfies condition (i) ; and (ii) . By Proposition 2.10, we conclude that (), i.e., (). This completes the proof. □
Now we prove the strong convergence of (2.9).
Theorem 3.4 Let E be a real reflexive and strictly convex Banach space whose norm is uniformly Gâteaux differentiable, let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E, let T be a nonexpansive mapping from C into E with and let be a MKC. Suppose that C is a sunny nonexpansive retract of E. Let be a real sequence such that , and . Let and . Suppose that is given by (2.9). Then converges strongly to which solves the variational inequality (VI):
Proof By Proposition 2.7(i), we know that is a MKC on C. It follows from Theorem MK, has a unique fixed point z in C, i.e., .
Let and define a sequence by
From Theorem 3.3, we assert that
where which solves the variational inequality (VI):
We shall prove that as .
Assume that ; then , , we can choose such that
For above , using Proposition 2.6, we know that there exists such that
for all with , which implies that
for all .
Since as , we see that there exists some such that
for all .
We now consider two possible cases.
Case 1. There exists some such that
By using (2.9), (3.13), (3.16), and (3.17), we have
Similarly, we have
By induction, we have
for all , which implies that
which contradicts with (3.14). Consequently, , and hence which solves the variational inequality (VI).
Case 2. for all .
We shall prove that case 2 is impossible. Suppose case 2 holds true. By (3.15), we have
for all .
By using (2.9), (3.13), and (3.19), we have
from which one derives
in view of Proposition 2.10, and hence , a contradiction, thus, case 2 is impossible. The proof is completed. □
Remark 3.2 We do not know whether the conclusion of Theorem 3.4 holds true when is a nonself-MKC. However, in the case where E is a Hilbert space, it is true.
Applying Theorems 3.1-3.4 to a Hilbert space H, we can obtain new strong convergence theorems, which improve and generalize the corresponding results by Matsushita and Kuroiwa [14], and Zhou et al. [15].
Theorem 3.5 Let H be a real Hilbert space, let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of H, let T be a nonexpansive mapping from C into H with and let be a MKC. Then the conclusions of Theorems 3.1-3.4 hold true.
4 Concluding remarks
This work contains our contribution dedicated to developing and improving the viscosity approximation methods for finding fixed points of nonexpansive nonself-mappings. A novel and remarkable finding is contained in Lemma 2.1, that is, , which makes it possible to invent a novel and simple method of argumentation for establishing strong convergence theorems. We have introduced our modified viscosity approximation methods for finding fixed points of nonexpansive nonself-mappings. Applying our main results to a Hilbert space, we have drawn the corresponding conclusions announced by some authors.
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Acknowledgements
The first author was supported in part by NSFC 11071053. The authors wish to thank the referee for the valuable suggestions to improve the writing of this paper.
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Zhou, H., Wang, P. Viscosity approximation methods for nonexpansive nonself-mappings without boundary conditions. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 61 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-61
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-61