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Fixed point results for modified weak and rational α-ψ-contractions in ordered 2-metric spaces

Abstract

We first introduce the concept of a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping which extends the notion of α-admissible mapping with respect to η to 2-metric spaces. Next, we introduce the concepts of modified weak and modified rational α-ψ-contractions and establish the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for such mappings in complete 2-metric spaces. As an application of the obtained results, we prove some fixed point results in partially ordered 2-metric spaces. The presented theorems generalize and improve certain existing results in the literature and provide main results in Dung and Hang (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013:161, 2013) as corollaries. Moreover, some examples and an application to integral equations are provided to illustrate the usability of the obtained results.

MSC:46N40, 47H10, 54H25, 46T99.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

There exist many generalizations of the concept of metric spaces in the literature (d(x,y) R + ; d(x,y)K, K a cone in an ordered Banach space; 2-metric spaces; probabilistic metric spaces; G-metric spaces etc.; see, for example, [19]). The notion of 2-metric was introduced by Gähler in [10]. Note that a 2-metric is not a continuous function of its variables, whereas an ordinary metric is. This led Dhage to introduce the notion of D-metric in [11]. In [12, 13] Mustafa and Sims introduced the notion of G-metric to overcome flaws of a D-metric. After that, many fixed point theorems on G-metric spaces have been proved (see [14] and the references therein). The authors in [15] and [16] noticed that in several situations fixed point results in G-metric spaces can be in fact deduced from fixed point theorems in metric or quasi-metric spaces. It has also been shown by various authors that in several cases the fixed point results in cone metric spaces can be obtained by reducing them to their standard metric counterparts; for example, see [1719]. It is worth to note that in the above generalizations, a 2-metric space was not known to be topologically equivalent to an ordinary metric.

We recollect some essential notations, required definitions and primary results coherent with the literature.

Definition 1.1 [10]

Let X be a non-empty set and let d:X×X×X R + be a mapping satisfying the following assertions:

(d1) For every pair of distinct points x,yX, there exists a point zX such that d(x,y,z)0;

(d2) If at least two of three points x, y, z are the same, then d(x,y,z)=0;

(d3) The symmetry:

d(x,y,z)=d(x,z,y)=d(y,x,z)=d(y,z,x)=d(z,x,y)=d(z,y,x)

for all x,y,zX;

(d4) The rectangle inequality: d(x,y,z)d(x,y,t)+d(y,z,t)+d(z,x,t) for all x,y,z,tX.

Then d is called a 2-metric on X and (X,d) is called a 2-metric space which will be sometimes denoted by X if there is no confusion. Every member xX is called a point in X.

Definition 1.2 [10]

Let (X,d) be a 2-metric space and a,bX, r0. The set

B(a,b,r)= { x X : d ( a , b , x ) < r }

is called a 2-ball centered at a and b with radius r. The topology generated by the collection of all 2-balls as a subbase is called a 2-metric topology on X.

Definition 1.3 [20]

Let { x n } be a sequence in a 2-metric space (X,d).

  • { x n } is said to be convergent to x in (X,d), written lim n x n =x, if for all aX, lim n d( x n ,x,a)=0;

  • { x n } is said to be Cauchy in X if for all aX, lim n , m d( x n , x m ,a)=0, that is, for each ϵ>0, there exists n 0 such that d( x n , x m ,a)<ϵ for all n,m n 0 and aX;

  • (X,d) is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence is a convergent sequence.

Definition 1.4 [20]

A 2-metric space (X,d) is said to be compact if every sequence in X has a convergent subsequence.

Lemma 1.1 [20]

Every 2-metric space is a T 1 -space.

Lemma 1.2 [20]

lim n x n =x in a 2-metric space (X,d) if and only if lim n x n =x in the 2-metric topological space X.

Lemma 1.3 [20]

If T:XY is a continuous map from a 2-metric space X to a 2-metric space Y, then lim n x n =x in X implies lim n T x n =Tx in Y.

It is straightforward from Definitions 1.1-1.3 that every 2-metric is non-negative and every 2-metric space contains at least three distinct points. A 2-metric d(x,y,z) is sequentially continuous in one argument; moreover, if a 2-metric d(x,y,z) is sequentially continuous in two arguments, then it is sequentially continuous in all three arguments (see [21]). A convergent sequence in a 2-metric space need not be a Cauchy sequence (see [21]). In a 2-metric space (X,d) every convergent sequence is a Cauchy sequence if d is continuous (see [21]). There exists a 2-metric space (X,d) such that every convergent sequence is a Cauchy sequence but d is not continuous (see [21]).

Chatterjea in [22] introduced the notion of C-contraction as follows.

Definition 1.5 Let (X,d) be a metric space and T:XX be a map. Then T is called a C-contraction if there exists a[0,1) such that for all x,yX,

d(Tx,Ty) a 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] .

This notion was generalized to a weak C-contraction by Choudhury in [23].

Definition 1.6 Let (X,d) be a metric space and T:XX be a map. Then T is called a weak C-contraction if there exists ψ: [ 0 , ) 2 [0,) which is continuous, and ψ(s,t)=0 if and only if s=t=0 such that

d(Tx,Ty) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) )

for all x,yX.

Samet et al. [24] defined the notion of α-admissible mappings as follows.

Definition 1.7 Let T be a self-mapping on X and α:X×X[0,+) be a function. We say that T is an α-admissible mapping if

x,yX,α(x,y)1α(Tx,Ty)1.

In [24] the authors considered the family Ψ of non-decreasing functions ψ:[0,+)[0,+) such that n = 1 + ψ n (t)<+ for each t>0, where ψ n is the n th iterate of ψ, and they gave the following theorem.

Theorem 1.1 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and T be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that

α(x,y)d(Tx,Ty)ψ ( d ( x , y ) )
(1.1)

for all x,yX, where ψΨ. Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 )1;

  2. (ii)

    either T is continuous or for any sequence { x n } in X with α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0} and x n x as n+, we have α( x n ,x)1 for all nN{0}.

Then T has a fixed point.

Salimi et al. [25] modified and generalized the notions of α-ψ-contractive and α-admissible mappings as follows.

Definition 1.8 [25]

Let T be a self-mapping on X and α,η:X×X[0,+) be two functions. We say that T is an α-admissible mapping with respect to η if

x,yX,α(x,y)η(x,y)α(Tx,Ty)η(Tx,Ty).

Note that if we take η(x,y)=1, then this definition reduces to Definition 1.7. Also, if we take α(x,y)=1, then we say that T is an η-subadmissible mapping.

The following result properly contains Theorem 1.1 and Theorems 2.3 and 2.4 of [26].

Theorem 1.2 [25]

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and T be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that

x,yX,α(x,y)1d(Tx,Ty)ψ ( M ( x , y ) ) ,
(1.2)

where ψΨ and

M(x,y)=max { d ( x , y ) , d ( x , T x ) + d ( y , T y ) 2 , d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) 2 } .

Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 )1;

  2. (ii)

    either T is continuous or for any sequence { x n } in X with α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0} and x n x as n+, we have α( x n ,x)1 for all nN{0}.

Then T has a fixed point.

Recently Karapinar et al. [27] introduced the notion of triangular α-admissible mapping as follows.

Definition 1.9 [27]

Let T:XX and α:X×X(,+). We say that T is a triangular α-admissible mapping if

(T1) α(x,y)1 implies α(Tx,Ty)1, x,yX,

(T2) { α ( x , z ) 1 , α ( z , y ) 1 implies α(x,y)1.

Motivated by the above-mentioned developments, we first introduce the concepts of 2-α-η-admissible mappings and weak and rational α-η-ψ-contractions and establish the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for such mappings in complete 2-metric spaces. As an application of obtained results, we prove some fixed point theorems in partially ordered 2-metric spaces. The presented theorems generalize and improve many existing results in the literature. Moreover, some examples and an application to integral equations are provided to illustrate the usability of the proved results.

2 Fixed point results for weak α-η-C-contraction mappings

Motivated by Karapinar et al. [27] and Salimi et al. [25], we introduce the following notion.

Definition 2.1 Let (X,d) be a 2-metric space and T:XX and α,η:X×X×X[0,+) be mappings. We say that T is a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping if for all aX,

(T1) α(x,y,a)η(x,y,a) implies α(Tx,Ty,a)η(Tx,Ty,a), x,yX,

(T2) { α ( x , z , a ) η ( x , z , a ) , α ( z , y , a ) η ( z , y , a ) implies α(x,y,a)η(x,y,a).

If we take η(x,y,a)=1, then we say that T is a triangular 2-α-admissible mapping. Also, if we take α(x,y,a)=1, then we say that T is a triangular 2-η- subadmissible mapping.

Example 2.1 Let X=[0,). Define T:XX and α,η:X×X×X[0,+) by Tx= 1 4 x,

α(x,y,a)= { a 2 + 2 if  x , y [ 0 , 1 ] , 0 otherwise andη(x,y,a)= a 2 +1.

Then T is a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping.

Lemma 2.1 Let (X,d) be a 2-metric space and T:XX be a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a) for all aX. Define the sequence { x n } by x n = T n x 0 . Then

α( x m , x n ,a)η( x m , x n ,a)for all m,nN with m<n and for all aX.

Proof Since there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a), then from (T1) we deduce that

α( x 1 , x 2 ,a)=α ( T x 0 , T 2 x 0 , a ) η ( T x 0 , T 2 x 0 , a ) =η( x 1 , x 2 ,a).

By continuing this process, we get

α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)η( x n , x n + 1 ,a)for all nN{0}.
(2.1)

Suppose that m<n. Since

{ α ( x m , x m + 1 , a ) η ( x m , x m + 1 , a ) , α ( x m + 1 , x m + 2 , a ) η ( x m + 1 , x m + 2 , a ) ,

then from (T2) we have α( x m , x m + 2 ,a)η( x m , x m + 2 ,a).

Again, since

{ α ( x m , x m + 2 , a ) η ( x m , x m + 2 , a ) , α ( x m + 2 , x m + 3 , a ) η ( x m + 2 , x m + 3 , a ) ,

then we deduce α( x m , x m + 3 ,a)η( x m , x m + 3 ,a).

By continuing this process, we get α( x m , x n ,a)η( x m , x n ,a) as required. □

Definition 2.2 Let (X,d) be a 2-metric space. Let α,η:X×X×X[0,) and T:XX. We say that T is 2-α-η-continuous on (X,d) if

x n x as  n , α ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) η ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) for all  n N  and  a X T x n T x .

If we take η(x,y,a)=1, then we say that T is a 2-α-continuous mapping. Also, if we take α(x,y,a)=1, then we say that T is a 2-η-continuous mapping.

Example 2.2 Let X=[0,) and d(x,y,a)=min{|xy|,|ya|,|xa|}. Assume that T:XX and α,η: X 3 [0,+) are defined by

T x = { x 2 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] , ln x + 2 if  x ( 1 , ) , α ( x , y , a ) = { 1 if  x , y [ 0 , 1 ] , 0 otherwise and η ( x , y , a ) = 1 .

Clearly, T is not continuous, but T is 2-α-η-continuous on (X,d). Indeed, if x n x as n and α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)η( x n , x n + 1 ,a)=1, then x n [0,1] and so lim n T x n = lim n x n 2 = x 2 =Tx.

Denote with Ψ the family of continuous functions ψ: [ 0 , ) 2 [0,) such that ψ(s,t)=0 if and only if s=t=0.

We introduce the following notions as a modification of the approach in [25].

Definition 2.3 Let (X,d) be a 2-metric space and T:XX, α,η:X×X×X[0,+) be three mappings.

  • We say that T is a weak α-η-C-contraction mapping if

    x , y X , α ( x , y , a ) η ( x , y , a ) d ( T x , T y , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )
    (2.2)

for all aX, where ψΨ.

  • We say that T is a modified weak α-C-contraction mapping if

    x , y X , α ( x , y , a ) 1 d ( T x , T y , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all aX, where ψΨ.

  • We say that T is a modified weak η-C-contraction mapping if

    x , y X , η ( x , y , a ) 1 d ( T x , T y , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all aX, where ψΨ.

  • We say that T is a weak α-C-contraction mapping of type (I) if

    α(x,y,a)d(Tx,Ty,a) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all x,y,aX, where ψΨ.

  • We say that T is a weak η-C-contraction mapping of type (I) if

    d(Tx,Ty,a) η ( x , y , a ) 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all x,y,aX, where ψΨ.

  • We say that T is a weak α-C-contraction mapping of type (II) if

    ( α ( x , y , a ) + ) d ( T x , T y , a ) ( 1 + ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all x,y,aX, where ψΨ and >0.

  • We say that T is a weak η-C-contraction mapping of type (II) if

    ( 1 + ) d ( T x , T y , a ) ( η ( x , y , a ) + ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all x,y,aX, >0 and ψΨ.

Now we are ready to state and prove our first main result of this section.

Theorem 2.1 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a weak α-η-C-contraction mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a) for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-α-η-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)η( x n , x n + 1 ,a) for all aX and x n x as n, then α( x n ,x,a)η( x n ,x,a) for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

Proof Let x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a) for all aX. Define a sequence { x n } by x n = T n x 0 for all nN. Now, since T is a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping, so by Lemma 2.1 we have

α( x m , x n ,a)η( x m , x n ,a)for all m,nN with m<n and for all aX.
(2.3)

From (2.2) we deduce

d ( x n + 1 , x n , a ) = d ( T x n , T x n 1 , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x n , T x n 1 , a ) + d ( x n 1 , T x n , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x n , T x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n 1 , T x n , a ) ) = 1 2 [ d ( x n , x n , a ) + d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x n , x n , a ) , d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) ) = 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) ψ ( 0 , d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) ) 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a )
(2.4)

for all aX. By taking a= x n 1 in (2.4), we get d( x n + 1 , x n , x n 1 )0, i.e.,

d( x n + 1 , x n , x n 1 )=0,
(2.5)

and so by (2.4) and (2.5) we have

d ( x n + 1 , x n , a ) 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x n 1 , x n , a ) + d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) + d ( x n 1 , x n , x n + 1 ) ] 1 2 [ d ( x n 1 , x n , a ) + d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) ] ,
(2.6)

which implies

d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)d( x n 1 , x n ,a).
(2.7)

Hence, the sequence {d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)} is decreasing in R + and so it is convergent to r R + , i.e., lim n d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)=r. Taking limit in (2.6) we get

r 1 2 lim n d( x n 1 , x n + 1 ,a) 1 2 (r+r)=r,

and then

lim n d( x n 1 , x n + 1 ,a)=2r.
(2.8)

By taking limit as n in (2.4) and applying (2.8), we get

r 1 2 (2r)ψ(0,2r)r.

This implies ψ(0,2r)=0, i.e., r=0. Hence,

lim n d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)=0.
(2.9)

If d( x n 1 , x n ,a)=0, then by (2.7) we have d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)=0. Since d( x 0 , x 1 , x 0 )=0, we have d( x n , x n + 1 , x 0 )=0 for all nN. Since d( x m 1 , x m , x m )=0, we have

d( x n , x n + 1 , x m )=0
(2.10)

for all nm1. For 0n<m1, noting that m1n+1, from (2.10) we have

d( x m 1 , x m , x n + 1 )=d( x m 1 , x m , x n )=0,

which implies

d ( x n , x n + 1 , x m ) d ( x n , x n + 1 , x m 1 ) + d ( x n + 1 , x m , x m 1 ) + d ( x m , x n , x m 1 ) = d ( x n , x n + 1 , x m 1 ) .
(2.11)

Now, since d( x n , x n + 1 , x n + 1 )=0, from (2.11) we get

d( x n , x n + 1 , x m )=0
(2.12)

for all 0n<m1. Hence, from (2.10) and (2.12) we have d( x n , x n + 1 , x m )=0 for all m,nN. Now, for all i,j,kN with i<j, we have d( x j 1 , x j , x i )=d( x j 1 , x j , x k )=0. Hence,

d ( x i , x j , x k ) d ( x i , x j , x j 1 ) + d ( x j , x k , x j 1 ) + d ( x k , x i , x j 1 ) = d ( x i , x j 1 , x k ) d ( x i , x i , x k ) = 0 .

That is, for all i,j,kN, we have

d( x i , x j , x k )=0.
(2.13)

We now show that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Suppose to the contrary that { x n } is not a Cauchy sequence. Then there are ε>0 and sequences {m(k)} and {n(k)} such that for all positive integers k,

n(k)>m(k)>k,d( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ,a)εandd( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) ,a)<ε.
(2.14)

From (2.13) and (2.14) we deduce

ϵ d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) , a ) d ( x n ( k ) , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) , x n ( k ) 1 ) = d ( x n ( k ) , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) < d ( x n ( k ) , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) + ϵ .

Taking limit as k in the above inequality and applying (2.9), we get

lim k d( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ,a)= lim k d( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) ,a)=ϵ.
(2.15)

Also by (2.13) we get

d ( x m ( k ) , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) d ( x m ( k ) , x m ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x m ( k ) , x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) 1 ) = d ( x m ( k ) , x m ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) d ( x m ( k ) , x m ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) ) = d ( x m ( k ) , x m ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a )
(2.16)

and

d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) , a ) + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) = d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) , a ) .
(2.17)

By taking limit as k in (2.16) and (2.17) and applying (2.9) and (2.15), we have

lim k d( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) ,a)=ϵ.
(2.18)

Now since n(k)>m(k), then by (2.3) we have

α( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 ,a)η( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 ,a)

for all aX. So by (2.2) we get

ϵ d ( x m ( k ) , x n ( k ) , a ) = d ( T x m ( k ) 1 , T x n ( k ) 1 , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x m ( k ) 1 , T x n ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) 1 , T x m ( k ) 1 , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x m ( k ) 1 , T x n ( k ) 1 , a ) , d ( x n ( k ) 1 , T x m ( k ) 1 , a ) ) = 1 2 [ d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) , d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) ) .
(2.19)

Taking limit as k in (2.19) and applying (2.15), (2.18) and the continuity of ψ, we deduce

ϵ 1 2 [ϵ+ϵ]ψ(ϵ,ϵ)=ϵψ(ϵ,ϵ)ϵ,

and so ψ(ϵ,ϵ)=0. That is, ϵ=0 which is a contradiction. Hence, { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Now, since (X,d) is a complete 2-metric space, then there exists x X such that lim n x n = x . At first we assume that (iii) holds. That is, T is continuous. Then

x = lim n x n + 1 = lim n T x n =T x .

That is, x is a fixed point of T. If T is 2-α-η-continuous on X, x n x as n and α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)η( x n , x n + 1 ,a), then we have

T x = lim n T x n = lim n x n + 1 = x .

So x is a fixed point of T. Next we assume that (iv) holds. That is, α( x n , x ,a)η( x n , x ,a) for all nN and all aX. Then by (2.2) we get

d ( x n + 1 , T x , a ) = d ( T x n , T x , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x n , T x , a ) + d ( x , T x n , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x n , T x , a ) , d ( x , T x n , a ) ) = 1 2 [ d ( x n , T x , a ) + d ( x , x n + 1 , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x n , T x , a ) , d ( x , x n + 1 , a ) ) .

Taking limit as n in the above inequality, we get

d ( x , T x , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T x , a ) + d ( x , x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T x , a ) , d ( x , x , a ) ) 1 2 d ( x , T x , a ) ψ ( d ( x , T x , a ) , 0 ) 1 2 d ( x , T x , a ) ,

which implies d( x ,T x ,a)=0, i.e., x =T x . □

By taking η(x,y,a)=1 in Theorem 2.1, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 2.1 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a modified weak α-C-contraction mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-α-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-α-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and x n x as n, then α( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

Example 2.3 Let X=[0,). We define a 2-metric d on X by

d(x,y,a)=min { | x y | , | y a | , | x a | } .

Clearly, (X,d) is a complete 2-metric space. Define T:XX, ψ: [ 0 , ) 2 [0,) and α:X×X×X[0,) by

Tx= { π 6 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] , x 3 + ( 1 + x ) x if  x ( 1 , 10 ] , ln x + sin x + 1 if  x [ 10 , 15 ) , x 2 + x + 1 if  x [ 15 , ) , ψ(s,t)= s + t 4

and

α(x,y,a)= { 1 if  x , y [ 0 , 1 ] , 1 2 otherwise .

Now, we prove that all the hypotheses of Corollary 2.1 (Theorem 2.1) are satisfied and hence T has a fixed point.

Proof Let x,y,aX, if α(x,y,a)1, then x,y[0,1]. On the other hand, for all w[0,1], we have Tw1. Hence α(Tx,Ty,a)1 for all aX. This implies that T is a 2-α-admissible mapping. Clearly, α(0,T0,a)1 for all aX. Now, if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all nN{0} and aX and x n x as n+, then { x n }[0,1] and hence x[0,1]. This implies that α( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN{0} and all aX.

Let α(x,y,a)1. Then x,y[0,1] and hence,

d ( T x , T y , a ) = 0 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] = 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) ) .

That is,

α ( x , y , a ) 1 d ( T x , T y , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all aX. Hence, T is a modified weak α-C-contraction mapping. Then all the hypotheses of Corollary 2.1 (Theorem 2.1) are satisfied and hence T has a fixed point. □

By taking α(x,y,a)=1 in Theorem 2.1, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 2.2 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a modified weak η-C-contraction mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-η-subadmissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-η-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that η( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and x n x as n, then η( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

Example 2.4 Let X, d be as in Example 2.3. Define T:XX, ψ: [ 0 , ) 2 [0,) and η:X×X×X[0,) by

Tx= { e 4 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] , x 2 + 1 if  x ( 1 , 20 ] , 1 x 2 + 1 + 3 x if  x [ 20 , 50 ) , x 5 + 1 if  x [ 50 , ) , ψ(s,t)= s + t 8

and

η(x,y,a)= { 0 if  x , y [ 0 , 1 ] , 10 otherwise .

Now, we prove that all the hypotheses of Corollary 2.2 (Theorem 2.1) are satisfied and hence T has a fixed point.

Proof Let x,y,aX, if η(x,y,a)1, then x,y[0,1]. On the other hand, for all w[0,1], we have Tw1. Hence η(Tx,Ty,a)1 for all aX. This implies that T is a 2-η-admissible mapping. Clearly, η(0,T0,a)1 for all aX.

Now, if { x n } is a sequence in X such that η( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all nN{0} and aX and x n x as n+, then { x n }[0,1] and hence x[0,1]. This implies that η( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN{0} and all aX.

If η(x,y,a)1, then x,y[0,1] and so

d ( T x , T y , a ) = 0 3 8 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] = 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) ) .

That is,

η ( x , y , a ) 1 d ( T x , T y , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all aX. Hence, T is a modified weak η-C-contraction mapping. Then all the hypotheses of Corollary 2.2 (Theorem 2.1) are satisfied and hence T has a fixed point. □

Corollary 2.3 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a weak α-C-contraction mapping of type (I) or a weak α-C-contraction mapping of type (II) satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-α-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-α-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and x n x as n, then α( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.4 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a weak η-C-contraction mapping of type (I) or weak α-C-contraction mapping of type (II) satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-η-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-η-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that η( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and x n x as n, then η( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

  1. (A)

    For all x,yX, where α(x,y,a)<η(x,y,a) and α(y,x,a)<η(y,x,a) for all aX, there exists zX such that α(x,z,a)η(x,z,a) or α(z,x,a)η(z,x,a) and α(y,z,a)η(y,z,a) or α(z,y,a)η(z,y,a) for all aX.

Theorem 2.2 Adding condition (A) to the hypotheses of Theorem 2.1 (resp. Corollary 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4), we obtain the uniqueness of the fixed point of T.

Proof Assume that x and y are two fixed points of T. We consider to following cases.

Case 1: Let α( x , y ,a)η( x , y ,a) or α( y , x ,a)η( y , x ,a) for all aX. Then from (2.2) we have

d ( T x , T y , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )

for all aX. This implies

d ( x , y , a ) d ( x , y , a ) ψ ( d ( x , y , a ) , d ( x , y , a ) ) d ( x , y , a ) .

That is, ψ(d( x , y ,a),d( x , y ,a))=0 for all aX. So, d( x , y ,a)=0 for all aX. Hence, x = y .

Case 2: Let α( x , y ,a)<η( x , y ,a) and α( y , x ,a)<η( y , x ,a) for all aX. From (A) there exists zX such that

α ( x , z , a ) η ( x , z , a ) orα ( z , x , a ) η ( z , x , a )

and

α ( y , z , a ) η ( y , z , a ) orα ( z , y , a ) η ( z , y , a ) .

Without loss of generality we can assume

α ( x , z , a ) η ( x , z , a ) andα ( y , z , a ) η ( y , z , a ) .

Now, since T is a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping, then

α ( T x , T ( T n 1 z ) , a ) η ( T x , T ( T n 1 z ) , a ) , α ( T y , T ( T n 1 z ) , a ) η ( T y , T ( T n 1 z ) , a )

for all nN0 and all aX. Then from (2.2) we get

d ( T x , T ( T n 1 z ) , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T ( T n 1 z ) , a ) + d ( T n 1 z , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T ( T n 1 z ) , a ) , d ( T n 1 z , T x , a ) ) ,

which implies

d ( x , T n z , a ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T n z , a ) + d ( x , T n 1 z , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T n z , a ) , d ( x , T n 1 z , a ) ) 1 2 [ d ( x , T n z , a ) + d ( x , T n 1 z , a ) ] ,
(2.20)

which implies d( x , T n z,a)d( x , T n 1 z,a). Then there exists R such that lim n d( x , T n z,a)=. By taking limit as n in (2.20), we get

1 2 (+)ψ(,)

and so ψ(,)=0. Therefore, =0. That is, lim n T n z= x . Similarly, we can deduce lim n T n z= y . Then by Lemma 1.1 we get x = y . □

3 Fixed point results for rational contraction in 2-metric spaces

In this section, we prove certain fixed point theorems for a rational contraction mapping via a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping.

Denote with Ψ φ the family of continuous functions φ:[0,)[0,) such that φ(t)=0 if and only if t=0.

Definition 3.1 Let (X,d) be a 2-metric space and T:XX, α,η:X×X×X[0,+) be three mappings.

  • We say that T is a modified rational α-η-φ-contraction mapping if

    x , y X , α ( x , y , a ) η ( x , y , a ) d ( T x , T y , a ) M ( x , y , a ) φ ( M ( x , y , a ) )
    (3.1)

for all aX, where φ Ψ φ and

M ( x , y , a ) = max { d ( x , y , a ) , d ( x , T x , a ) , d ( y , T y , a ) , d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) 2 , d ( x , T x , a ) d ( y , T y , a ) 1 + d ( T x , T y , a ) } .
  • We say that T is a modified rational α-φ-contraction mapping if

    x,yX,α(x,y,a)1d(Tx,Ty,a)M(x,y,a)φ ( M ( x , y , a ) )

for all aX, where φ Ψ φ .

  • We say that T is a modified rational η-φ-contraction mapping if

    x,yX,η(x,y,a)1d(Tx,Ty,a)M(x,y,a)φ ( M ( x , y , a ) )

for all aX, where φ Ψ φ .

  • We say that T is a rational α-φ-contraction mapping if

    α(x,y,a)d(Tx,Ty,a)M(x,y,a)φ ( M ( x , y , a ) )

for all x,y,aX, where φ Ψ φ .

  • We say that T is a rational η-φ-contraction mapping if

    d(Tx,Ty,a)η(x,y,a)M(x,y,a)φ ( M ( x , y , a ) )

for all x,y,aX, where φ Ψ φ .

Theorem 3.1 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a modified rational α-η-φ-contraction mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a) for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-α-η-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)η( x n , x n + 1 ,a) for all aX and x n x as n, then α( x n ,x,a)η( x n ,x,a) for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

Proof Let x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a) for all aX. Define a sequence { x n } by x n = T n x 0 for all nN. Now, since T is a triangular 2-α-η-admissible mapping, so by Lemma 2.1 we have

α( x m , x n ,a)η( x m , x n ,a)for all m,nN with m<n and for all aX.
(3.2)

From (3.1) we deduce

d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)=d(T x n ,T x n 1 ,a)M( x n , x n 1 ,a)φ ( M ( x n , x n 1 , a ) ) ,
(3.3)

where

M ( x n , x n 1 , a ) = max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , T x n , a ) , d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , T x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n 1 , T x n , a ) 2 , d ( x n , T x n , a ) d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 , a ) 1 + d ( T x n , T x n 1 , a ) } = max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , d ( x n 1 , x n , a ) , d ( x n , x n , a ) + d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) 2 , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) d ( x n 1 , x n , a ) 1 + d ( x n + 1 , x n , a ) } = max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) 2 , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) d ( x n 1 , x n , a ) 1 + d ( x n + 1 , x n , a ) } max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) 2 , ( 1 + d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) ) d ( x n 1 , x n , a ) 1 + d ( x n + 1 , x n , a ) } = max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) 2 } ,

and so

M( x n , x n 1 ,a)=max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) 2 } .

By taking a= x n 1 in (3.3), we have

d( x n + 1 , x n , x n 1 )d( x n , x n + 1 , x n 1 )φ ( d ( x n , x n + 1 , x n 1 ) ) ,

and then φ(d( x n , x n + 1 , x n 1 ))=0, i.e., d( x n , x n + 1 , x n 1 )=0. Hence,

max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) } M ( x n , x n 1 , a ) = max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 , a ) 2 } max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , 1 2 [ d ( x n 1 , x n , a ) + d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) + d ( x n 1 , x n , x n + 1 ) ] } = max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , 1 2 [ d ( x n 1 , x n , a ) + d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) ] } = max { d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) } .

Therefore, M( x n , x n 1 ,a)=max{d( x n , x n 1 ,a),d( x n , x n + 1 ,a)}.

If M( x n , x n 1 ,a)=d( x n , x n + 1 ,a), then from (3.3) we get

d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)d( x n , x n + 1 ,a)φ ( d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) ) .

Thus, φ(d( x n , x n + 1 ,a))=0, i.e., d( x n , x n + 1 ,a)=0 for all aX. Hence by Definition 1.1(d1), x n = x n + 1 =T x n for all nN. Then x= x n is a fixed point of T. Now, if M( x n , x n 1 ,a)=d( x n , x n 1 ,a), then from (3.3) we get

d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)d( x n , x n 1 ,a)φ ( d ( x n , x n 1 , a ) ) d( x n , x n 1 ,a).
(3.4)

So, the sequence {d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)} is decreasing in R + and so it is convergent to r R + , i.e., lim n d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)=r. Taking limit in (3.4) we get

rrφ(r),

which implies r=0. Hence,

lim n d( x n + 1 , x n ,a)=0.
(3.5)

From (2.13) in Theorem 2.1 we have d( x i , x j , x k )=0 for all i,j,kN. We now show that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Suppose to the contrary that { x n } is not a Cauchy sequence. Then there are ε>0 and sequences {m(k)} and {n(k)} such that for all positive integers k,

n(k)>m(k)>k,d( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ,a)εandd( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) ,a)<ε.
(3.6)

As in the proof of Theorem 2.1, we get

lim k d( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ,a)= lim k d( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) ,a)=ϵ;
(3.7)
lim k d( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) ,a)=ϵ.
(3.8)

Now since n(k)>m(k), so by (3.2) we have

α( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 ,a)η( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 ,a)

for all aX. So by (3.1) we get

d ( x m ( k ) , x n ( k ) , a ) = d ( T x m ( k ) 1 , T x n ( k ) 1 , a ) M ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) φ ( M ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) ) ,
(3.9)

where

M ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) = max { d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) , d ( x m ( k ) 1 , T x m ( k ) 1 , a ) , d ( x n ( k ) 1 , T x n ( k ) 1 , a ) , d ( x m ( k ) 1 , T x n ( k ) 1 , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) 1 , T x m ( k ) 1 , a ) 2 , d ( x m ( k ) 1 , T x m ( k ) 1 , a ) d ( x n ( k ) 1 , T x n ( k ) 1 , a ) 1 + d ( T x m ( k ) 1 , T x n ( k ) 1 , a ) } = max { d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) , d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) , d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) , d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) + d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) 2 , d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) , a ) d ( x n ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) , a ) 1 + d ( x m ( k ) , x n ( k ) , a ) } .

Taking limit as k in (3.9) and applying (3.7) and (3.8), we deduce

ϵ lim k M( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 ,a) lim k φ ( M ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 , a ) ) ,

where lim k M( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) 1 ,a)=ϵ. Then φ(ϵ)=0, i.e., ϵ=0, which is a contradiction. Hence, { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Now, since (X,d) is a complete 2-metric space, then there exists x X such that lim n x n = x . At first we assume that (iii) holds. That is, T is continuous or 2-α-η-continuous. Then

x = lim n x n + 1 = lim n T x n =T x .

That is, x is a fixed point of T. Next we assume that (iv) holds. That is, α( x n , x ,a)η( x n , x ,a) for all nN and all aX. Then by (3.1) we get

d ( x n + 1 , T x , a ) =d ( T x n , T x , a ) M ( x n , x , a ) φ ( M ( x n , x , a ) )

for all aX, where φ Ψ φ and

M ( x n , x , a ) = max { d ( x n , x , a ) , d ( x n , T x n , a ) , d ( x , T x , a ) , d ( x n , T x , a ) + d ( x , T x n , a ) 2 , d ( x n , T x n , a ) d ( x , T x , a ) 1 + d ( T x n , T x , a ) } = max { d ( x n , x , a ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) , d ( x , T x , a ) , d ( x n , T x , a ) + d ( x , x n + 1 , a ) 2 , d ( x n , x n + 1 , a ) d ( x , T x , a ) 1 + d ( x n + 1 , T x , a ) } .

Taking limit as n in the above inequality, we deduce

d ( x , T x , a ) lim n M ( x n , x , a ) lim n φ ( M ( x n , x , a ) ) .

Since lim n M( x n , x ,a)=d( x ,T x ,a), then φ(d( x ,T x ,a))=0, i.e., d( x ,T x ,a)=0 for all aX. Thus, x =T x . □

Corollary 3.1 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a modified rational α-φ-contraction mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-α-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-α-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and x n x as n, then α( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

Example 3.1 Let X=[0,). We define a 2-metric d on X by

d(x,y,a)=min { σ ( x , y ) , σ ( y , a ) , σ ( x , a ) } ,

where

σ(u,v)= { max { u , v } if  u v , 0 if  u = v .

Clearly, (X,d) is a complete 2-metric space. Define T:XX, φ:[0,)[0,) and α:X×X×X[0,) by

Tx= { 1 4 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] , cos x + 2 if  x ( 1 , 300 ] , x 3 + x + 1 if  x [ 300 , ) , ψ(t)= t 2

and

α(x,y,a)= { 1 if  x , y [ 0 , 1 ]  and  a = 0 , 1 2 otherwise .

Now, we prove that all the hypotheses of Corollary 3.1 (Theorem 3.1) are satisfied and hence T has a fixed point.

Proof As in the proof of Example 2.3 we can show that T is a 2-α-admissible mapping, α(0,T0,a)1 for all aX and if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all nN{0} and aX and x n x as n+, then α( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN{0} and all aX.

Let α(x,y,a)1. Then x,y[0,1] and hence

d(Tx,Ty,a)=0M(x,y,a)φ ( M ( x , y , a ) ) .

That is,

α(x,y,a)1d(Tx,Ty,a)M(x,y,a)φ ( M ( x , y , a ) )

for all aX. Hence, T is a modified rational α-φ-contraction mapping. Then all the conditions of Corollary 3.1 (Theorem 3.1) are satisfied and hence T has a fixed point. □

By taking α(x,y,a)=1 in Theorem 3.1, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.2 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a modified rational η-φ-contraction mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-η-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-η-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that η( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and x n x as n, then η( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

Corollary 3.3 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a rational α-φ-contraction mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-α-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-α-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and x n x as n, then α( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

Corollary 3.4 Let (X,d) be a complete 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a rational η-φ-contraction mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is a triangular 2-η-admissible mapping;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that η( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous or 2-η-continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that η( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and x n x as n, then η( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX.

Then T has a fixed point.

4 Fixed point results in partially ordered 2-metric spaces

Recently, there have been so many exciting developments in the field of existence of fixed points in partially ordered sets. This approach was initiated by Ran and Reurings [28] and they also provided some applications to matrix equations. Their results are a hybrid of the two classical theorems: Banach’s fixed point theorem and Tarski’s fixed point theorem. Agarwal et al. [29], Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [30], Ciric et al. [31] and Hussain et al. [32, 33] presented some new results for nonlinear contractions in partially ordered metric spaces and noted that their theorems can be used to investigate a large class of problems. In this section, as an application of obtained results we prove some fixed point results in partially ordered 2-metric spaces. We also note that the recent fixed point results in [34] can be deduced as simple corollaries.

Recall that if (X,) is a partially ordered set and T:XX is such that for x,yX, xy implies TxTy, then the mapping T is said to be non-decreasing.

Theorem 4.1 (Theorems 2.3 and 2.4 of [34])

Let (X,d,) be a complete partially ordered 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is non-decreasing;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that x 0 T x 0 ;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a non-decreasing sequence in X such that x n x as n, then x n x for all nN;

  5. (v)
    d(Tx,Ty,a) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) )
    (4.1)

holds for all x,y,aX with xy or yx, where ψΨ.

Then T has a fixed point.

Proof Define the mapping α:X×X×X R + by

α(x,y,a)= { 1 if  x y , 0 otherwise .

Let α(x,y,a)1, then xy. From (4.1) we get

d(Tx,Ty,a) 1 2 [ d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) ] ψ ( d ( x , T y , a ) , d ( y , T x , a ) ) .

Again let x,y,aX such that α(x,y,a)1. This implies that xy. As the mapping T is non-decreasing, we deduce that TxTy and hence α(Tx,Ty,a)1 for all aX. Also, let α(x,z,a)1 and α(z,y,a)1, then xz and zy. So from transitivity we have xy. That is, α(x,y,a)1 for all aX. Thus T is a triangular 2-α-admissible mapping. The condition (ii) ensures that there exists x 0 X such that x 0 T x 0 . This implies that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX. Let { x n } be a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and all nN and x n x as n. So, x n x n + 1 for all nN. Then from (iv) we have x n x for all nN. That is, α( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX. Therefore, all the conditions of Corollary 2.1 are satisfied, so T has a fixed point in X. □

(B) For all x,yX which are not comparable, there exists zX that is comparable to x and y.

Theorem 4.2 (Theorem 2.5 of [34])

Adding condition (B) to the hypotheses of Theorem  4.1, we obtain the uniqueness of the fixed point of T.

Proof Define the mapping α:X×X×X R + as in the proof of Theorem 4.1. Let x,yX, where α(x,y,a)<1 and α(y,x,a)<1 for all aX. That is, x and y are not comparable. Hence, by condition (B) there exists zX that is comparable to x and y, i.e., zx or xz and zy or yx. That is, α(z,x,a)1 or α(x,z,a)1 and α(z,y,a)1 or α(y,z,a)1 for all aX. Then the conditions of Theorem 2.2 hold and the fixed point of T is unique. □

Theorem 4.3 Let (X,d,) be a complete partially ordered 2-metric space. Assume that T:XX is a mapping satisfying the following assertions:

  1. (i)

    T is non-decreasing;

  2. (ii)

    there exists x 0 in X such that x 0 T x 0 ;

  3. (iii)

    T is continuous; or

  4. (iv)

    if { x n } is a non-decreasing sequence in X such that x n x as n, then x n x for all nN;

  5. (v)

    T is an ordered modified rational φ-contraction mapping, that is,

    d(Tx,Ty,a)M(x,y,a)φ ( M ( x , y , a ) )
    (4.2)

holds for all x,y,aX with xy or yx, where φ Ψ φ and

M ( x , y , a ) = max { d ( x , y , a ) , d ( x , T x , a ) , d ( y , T y , a ) , d ( x , T y , a ) + d ( y , T x , a ) 2 , d ( x , T x , a ) d ( y , T y , a ) 1 + d ( T x , T y , a ) } .

Then T has a fixed point.

Proof Define the mapping α:X×X×X R + by

α(x,y,a)= { 1 if  x y , 0 otherwise .

Let α(x,y,a)1, then xy. From (4.2) we get

d(Tx,Ty,a)M(x,y,a)φ ( M ( x , y , a ) ) .

Again let x,y,aX such that α(x,y,a)1. This implies that xy. As the mapping T is non-decreasing, we deduce that TxTy and hence α(Tx,Ty,a)1 for all aX. Also, let α(x,z,a)1 and α(z,y,a)1, then xz and zy. So from transitivity we have xy. That is, α(x,y,a)1 for all aX. Thus T is a triangular 2-α-admissible mapping. The condition (ii) ensures that there exists x 0 X such that x 0 T x 0 . This implies that α( x 0 ,T x 0 ,a)1 for all aX. Let { x n } be a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)1 for all aX and all nN and x n x as n. So, x n x n + 1 for all nN. Then from (iv) we have x n x for all nN. That is, α( x n ,x,a)1 for all nN and all aX. Therefore, all the conditions of Corollary 3.1 are satisfied, so T has a fixed point in X. □

5 Application to existence of solutions of integral equations

Integral equations like (5.1) have been studied in many papers (see, e.g., [32, 35, 36] and the references therein). In this section, we look for a solution to (5.1) in X=C([0,T],R). For the remainder, we gather some definitions from the literature which will be used in the sequel. Let X=C([0,T],R) be the set of real continuous functions defined on [0,T], and let d:X×X×X R + be defined by

d ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , a ( t ) ) = min { | x ( t ) y ( t ) | , | y ( t ) a ( t ) | , | x ( t ) a ( t ) | }

for all x,y,aX. Then (X,d) is a complete 2-metric space.

Consider the integral equation

x(t)=p(t)+ 0 T S(t,s)f ( s , x ( s ) ) ds,
(5.1)

and let F:XX be defined by

F(x)(t)=p(t)+ 0 T S(t,s)f ( s , x ( s ) ) ds.
(5.2)

We assume that

  1. (A)

    f:[0,T]×RR is continuous;

  2. (B)

    p:[0,T]R is continuous;

  3. (C)

    S:[0,T]×R[0,+) is continuous and 0 T S(t,s)ds1;

  4. (D)

    there exist 0r<1 and two functions α,η:X×X×X[0,) such that for all s[0,T],

    x , y X , α ( x ( s ) , y ( s ) , a ( s ) ) η ( x ( s ) , y ( s ) , a ( s ) ) α ( F x ( s ) , F y ( s ) , a ( s ) ) η ( F x ( s ) , F y ( s ) , a ( s ) )

for all aX and

η ( x ( s ) , y ( s ) , a ( s ) ) α ( x ( s ) , y ( s ) , a ( s ) ) | f ( s , x ( s ) ) f ( s , y ( s ) ) | r 2 [ min { | x ( s ) F y ( s ) | , | a ( s ) F ( y ( s ) ) | , | x ( s ) a ( s ) | } + min { | y ( s ) F x ( s ) | , | a ( s ) F ( x ( s ) ) | , | y ( s ) a ( s ) | } ]

for all aX;

  1. (F)

    there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,F( x 0 ),a)η( x 0 ,F( x 0 ),a);

  2. (G)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 ,a)η( x n , x n + 1 ,a) with x n x as n, then α( x n ,x,a)η( x n ,x,a) for all nN{0}.

Theorem 5.1 Under the assumptions (A)-(G), the integral equation (5.1) has a solution in X=C([0,T],R).

Proof Consider the mapping F:XX defined by (5.2). Let x,y,aX with η(x,x,a)α(x,y,a). From (D), we deduce that

min { | F x ( t ) F y ( t ) | , | F y ( t ) a ( t ) | , | F x ( t ) a ( t ) | } | F x ( t ) F y ( t ) | = | 0 T S ( t , s ) [ f ( s , x ( s ) ) f ( s , y ( s ) ) ] d s | 0 T S ( t , s ) | f ( s , x ( s ) ) f ( s , y ( s ) ) | d s 0 T S ( t , s ) r 2 [ min { | x ( s ) F y ( s ) | , | a ( s ) F ( y ( s ) ) | , | x ( s ) a ( s ) | } + min { | y ( s ) F x ( s ) | , | a ( s ) F ( x ( s ) ) | , | y ( s ) a ( s ) | } ] d s 0 T S ( t , s ) r 2 [ min { | x ( t ) F y ( t ) | , | a ( t ) F ( y ( t ) ) | , | x ( t ) a ( t ) | } + min { | y ( t ) F x ( t ) | , | a ( t ) F ( x ( t ) ) | , | y ( t ) a ( t ) | } ] d s r 2 [ min { | x ( t ) F y ( t ) | , | a ( t ) F ( y ( t ) ) | , | x ( t ) a ( t ) | } + min { | y ( t ) F x ( t ) | , | a ( t ) F ( x ( t ) ) | , | y ( t ) a ( t ) | } ] ( 0 T S ( t , s ) d s ) r 2 [ min { | x ( t ) F y ( t ) | , | a ( t ) F ( y ( t ) ) | , | x ( t ) a ( t ) | } + min { | y ( t ) F x ( t ) | , | a ( t ) F ( x ( t ) ) | , | y ( t ) a ( t ) | } ] = r 2 [ d ( x , F y , a ) + d ( y , F x , a ) ] .

Therefore,

d(Fx,Fy,a) r 2 [ d ( x , F y , a ) + d ( y , F x , a ) ] .

That is, η(x(s),y(s),a)α(x(s),y(s),a) implies

d(Fx,Fy,a) r 2 [ d ( x , F y , a ) + d ( y , F x , a ) ] .

Thus F is a weak α-η-C-contraction mapping with ψ(s,t)= 1 r 2 [s+t].

Hence all the hypotheses of Theorem 2.1 are satisfied and the mapping F has a fixed point which is a solution in X=C([0,T],R) of the integral equation (5.1). □

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Acknowledgements

This article was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Therefore, the second and third authors acknowledge with thanks DSR, KAU for financial support. The authors would like to thank the editor and the referees for constructive comments which improved the paper considerably.

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Fathollahi, S., Hussain, N. & Khan, L.A. Fixed point results for modified weak and rational α-ψ-contractions in ordered 2-metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 6 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-6

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