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Mosco convergence results for common fixed point problems and generalized equilibrium problems in Banach spaces

Abstract

In this paper, we propose and analyze an explicit type algorithm for finding a common element of the set of solutions of a finite family of generalized equilibrium problems and the set of common fixed points of two countable families of total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in a Banach space E. As an application of our result, we suggest a framework for finding a common solution of a finite family of generalized equilibrium problems and common zeros of two finite families of maximal monotone operators on E.

MSC:47H05, 47H10, 47H15, 47J25, 49M05.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

Let E be a real Banach space with the norm and E be its dual. Let C be a nonempty subset of E and T:CC be a mapping. We denote by F(T)={xC:x=Tx} the set of fixed points of T. We symbolize weak convergence and strong convergence of a sequence { x n } in E as x n x and x n x, respectively. Let f:C×CR (the set of reals) be a bifunction and A:C E be a nonlinear mapping. A generalized equilibrium problem is to find the set

GEP(f)= { x C : f ( x , y ) + A x , y x 0  for all  y C } ,
(1.1)

where , stands for the duality product.

Note that:

  1. (i)

    if A0, then problem (1.1) reduces to the following equilibrium problem EP(f):

    find xC such that f(x,y)0 for all yC;
  2. (ii)

    if f0, then problem (1.1) reduces to the classical variational inequality problem VI(C,A):

    find xC such that Ax,yx0 for all yC.

The equilibrium problem provides a unified approach to finding a solution of a large number of problems arising in physics, optimization, economics and fixed point problems [1]. Moreover, the generalized equilibrium problem addresses monotone inclusion problems, variational inequality problems, minimization problems and vector equilibrium problem [24]. Since an algorithmic construction plays a key role in solving nonlinear equations in various fields of investigation, numerous implicit and explicit algorithms have been developed for the approximate solution of nonlinear equations as well as for the approximation of fixed points of various mappings [57].

Recall that a Banach space E is said to be:

  1. (i)

    strictly convex if for all x,y S E :={zE:z=1} with xy, we have x+y<2;

  2. (ii)

    uniformly convex if for any ϵ(0,2], there exists δ>0 such that

    x,y S E ,xyϵ x + y 2 1δ.

A Banach space E is said to have the Kadec-Klee property if for any sequence { x n } in E with x n x 0 E and lim n x n = x 0 , we have x n x 0 . Note that every uniformly convex Banach space E is strictly convex and enjoys the Kadec-Klee property but the converse is not true.

Furthermore, define h: S E × S E ×R{0}R by

h(x,y,t)= x + t y x t

for x,y S E and tR{0}. The norm of E is said to be Gâteaux differentiable if lim t 0 h(x,y,t) exists for each x,y S E and in this case E is smooth.

The normalized duality mapping J:E E is defined by

Jx= { x E : x 2 = x , x = x 2 } (xE).

It is remarked that the set-valued mapping J is nonempty, closed and convex in a real Banach space whereas J is single-valued in a reflexive, strictly convex and smooth Banach space. Furthermore, J 1 : E E, the inverse of the normalized duality mapping J, is also a duality mapping in a uniformly convex and smooth Banach space. Both J and J 1 are uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on each bounded subset of E and E , respectively. If E is reflexive and strictly convex, then J 1 is norm-to-weak continuous. For more details, see [8, 9].

The Lyapunov functional φ:E×ER is defined by

φ(x,y)= x 2 2x,Jy+ y 2 for all x,yE.

It is obvious from the definition of φ that φ(x,y)0 for all x,yE. In a real Hilbert space, φ(x,y)= x y 2 for all x,yE. For details, see [5, 10].

Let E be a reflexive, strictly convex and smooth Banach space, and let C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of E. Then, for arbitrarily fixed xE, there exists a unique point y x C such that φ(x, y x )= min y C φ(x,y). Following the notation of [5], we let Π C (x)= y x and call Π C a generalized projection onto C. Note that the generalized projection operator coincides with the metric projection in a Hilbert space.

A point xC is said to be an asymptotic fixed point [11] of T:CC if there exists a sequence { x n }C such that x n x and lim n x n T x n =0. The set of all asymptotic fixed points of T is denoted by F ˆ (T).

Recall that a mapping T:CC is:

  1. (i)

    nonexpansive if TxTyxy for all x,yC;

  2. (ii)

    relatively nonexpansive if F ˆ (T)=F(T) and φ(p,Tx)φ(p,x) for all pF(T) and xC;

  3. (iii)

    quasi-φ-nonexpansive if F(T) and φ(p,Tx)φ(p,x) for all pF(T) and xC;

  4. (iv)

    quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive if there exists a real sequence { k n } with k n 1; k n n 1 and F(T) such that φ(p, T n x) k n φ(p,x) for all n1, pF(T) and xC;

  5. (v)

    total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive if there exist nonnegative real sequences { k n } and { η n } with k n n 0, η n n 0 and F(T) such that

    φ ( p , T n x ) φ(p,x)+ k n ξ ( φ ( p , x ) ) + η n for all n1,pF(T) and xC,

where ξ: R + R + is a strictly increasing continuous function with ξ(0)=0.

It is worth mentioning that the class of total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings properly contains the mappings defined in (i)-(iv), but the converse is not true.

A mapping T:CC is said to be uniformly L-Lipschitzian if

T n x T n y Lxyfor some L>0 and x,yC.

Recently, numerous attempts have been made to guarantee strong convergence through explicit and implicit algorithms for finding a common solution of the set of fixed points of (relatively nonexpansive, quasi-φ-nonexpansive, quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive, total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive) mappings and the set of solutions of equilibrium problems; see [1221] and the references cited therein.

In 2008, Takahashi and Zembayashi [21] introduced an explicit algorithm based on the shrinking projection method for finding a common solution of the set of fixed points of a relatively nonexpansive mapping T and the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem. Their algorithm reads as follows:

{ x 0 = x C = C 0 , y n = J 1 ( α n J x n + ( 1 α n ) J T x n ) , u n C  such that  f ( u n , y ) + 1 r n y u n , J u n J y n 0 for all  y C , C n + 1 = { z C n : φ ( z , u n ) φ ( z , x n ) } , x n + 1 = Π C n + 1 x 0 , n 0 ,
(1.2)

where J is the duality mapping on E and Π C is the generalized projection from E onto C. They proved that the sequence { x n } generated by (1.2) converges strongly to Π F ( T ) E P ( f ) x 0 under some appropriate conditions.

In 2010, Chang et al. [12] proved a strong convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of solutions for generalized equilibrium problem (1.1) and the set of common fixed points for a pair of relatively nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. Their algorithm reads as follows:

{ x 0 C  chosen arbitrarily, z n = J 1 ( α n J x n + ( 1 α n ) J T x n ) , y n = J 1 ( β n J x n + ( 1 β n ) J S z n ) , u n C  such that  f ( u n , y ) + A u n , y u n + 1 r n y u n , J u n J y n 0 for all  y C , H n = { z C : φ ( z , u n ) β n φ ( z , x n ) + ( 1 β n ) φ ( z , z n ) φ ( z , x n ) } , W n = { z C : x n z , J x 0 J x n 0 } , x n + 1 = Π H n W n x 0 , n 0 ,
(1.3)

where J, T, S and Π C are as in (1.2). The authors showed that the sequence { x n } generated by (1.3) converges strongly to Π F ( S ) F ( T ) G E P ( f ) x 0 under some appropriate conditions.

In 2009, Wattanawitton and Kumam [22] approximated a common solution for a pair of relatively quasi-nonexpansive mappings and an equilibrium problem. Recently, Qin et al. [18] established strong convergence results for a pair of asymptotically quasi-φ-nonexpansive mappings in a Banach space. It is worth mentioning that the hybrid algorithms proposed in [12, 18, 22] are computationally complex. Therefore, it is natural to have improved and computationally simpler counterparts.

Quite recently, Zuo et al. [16] proposed a hybrid algorithm for total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings and established strong convergence results in a Banach space. Moreover, they characterized such strong convergence results by using the notion of Mosco convergence; see also [23]. Inspired and motivated by the work of Takahashi and Zembayashi [21], Chang et al. [12] and Zuo et al. [16], we aim to introduce and analyze a general algorithm based on the shrinking projection method for finding a common element of the set of common solutions of a finite family of generalized equilibrium problems and the set of common fixed points of two countable families of total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. We also characterize the set of common solutions for families of total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings and equilibrium problems in terms of Mosco convergence.

We now introduce the notion of Mosco convergence.

Let { C n } be a sequence of nonempty closed convex subsets of a reflexive Banach space E. We denote the set of all strong limit points of { C n } by sL i n C n , that is, xsL i n C n if and only if there exists { x n }E such that { x n } converges strongly to x and that x n C n for all n. Similarly, we define the set of all weak subsequential limit points by wL s n C n ; ywL s n C n if and only if there exist a subsequence { C n i } of { C n } and a sequence { y i }E such that { y i } converges weakly to y and y i C n i for all i. If C 0 satisfies C 0 =sL i n C n =wL s n C n , then we say that { C n } converges to C 0 in the sense of Mosco and we write C 0 =M- lim n C n . By definition, it always holds that sL i n C n wL s n C n . Therefore, to prove C 0 =M- lim n C n , it suffices to show that wL s n C n C 0 sL i n C n . One of the simplest examples of Mosco convergence is a decreasing sequence { C n } with respect to inclusion. The Mosco limit of such a sequence is n = 1 C n . For more details, we refer to [23, 24].

For a relation between a sequence of closed convex sets and the corresponding generalized projections, we state the following lemma which plays a key role in our main result.

Lemma 1.1 ([23], Theorem 2.2)

Let E be a smooth, reflexive and strictly convex Banach space having the Kadec-Klee property. Let { C n } be a sequence of nonempty closed subset of E. If C 0 =M- lim n C n exists and is nonempty, then { Π C n x} converges strongly to Π C 0 x for each xC.

The following two results can be found as Remark 7.3 in [5].

Lemma 1.2 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space E, let x 0 E and let xC. Then Π C x 0 =x if and only if

xy,J x 0 Jx0for all yC.

Lemma 1.3 Let E be a reflexive, strictly convex and smooth Banach space, let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E and let xE. Then

φ(y, Π C x)+φ( Π C x,x)φ(y,x)for all yC.

The following well-known results are also needed in the sequel for the development of our main result.

Lemma 1.4 ([25], Proposition 2)

Let E be a uniformly convex and smooth Banach space and let { x n }, { y n } be two sequences of E. If φ( x n , y n )0 and either { x n } or { y n } is bounded, then x n y n 0.

Lemma 1.5 ([6], Lemma 1.4)

Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space and let B r [0] be a closed ball in E. Then there exists a continuous strictly increasing convex function g:[0,)[0,) with g(0)=0 such that

α x + β y + γ z 2 α x 2 +β y 2 +γ z 2 αβg ( x y )

for all x,y B r [0] and α,β,γ[0,1] with α+β+γ=1.

For solving the equilibrium problem, let us assume that the bifunction f satisfies the following conditions (cf. [2, 26]):

(A1) f(x,x)=0 for all xC;

(A2) f is monotone, i.e., f(x,y)+f(y,x)0 for all x,yC;

(A3) lim sup t 0 f(tz+(1t)x,y)f(x,y) for all x,y,zC;

(A4) f(x,) is convex and lower semicontinuous for all xC.

The following result is stated as Lemma 2.7 in [21] (see also [2]).

Lemma 1.6 Let C be a closed convex subset of a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space E, let f:C×CR be a bifunction satisfying (A1)-(A4), let r>0 and xE. Then there exists zC such that

f(z,y)+ 1 r yz,JzJx0for all yC.

Lemma 1.7 ([21], Lemma 2.8)

Let C be a closed convex subset of a uniformly smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space E. Let f:C×CR be a bifunction satisfying (A1)-(A4). For r>0 and xE, define a mapping V r :EC by

V r (x)= { z C : f ( z , y ) + 1 r y z , J z J x 0  for all  y C }

for all xC. Then the following hold:

  1. (1)

    EP(f) is closed and convex;

  2. (2)

    V r is single-valued;

  3. (3)

    V r is firmly nonexpansive-type mapping, i.e.,

    V r x V r y,J V r xJ V r y V r x V r y,JxJyfor all x,yE,
  4. (4)

    F( V r )=EP(f).

2 Main results

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex, reflexive and smooth Banach space E having the Kadec-Klee property. Let T i , S i :CC be two countable families of uniformly L-Lipschitzian and uniformly total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings with sequences { k n T }, { η n T } and { k n S }, { η n S }, respectively. Let f n :C×CR, n=1,2,3,,N, be a finite family of bifunctions such that f n f n (modN) (here the modN function takes values in {1,2,3,,N}).

Algorithm

{ x 0 C 0 = C , y n , i = J 1 ( α n , i J x n + β n , i J T i n x n + γ n , i J S i n x n ) , f n ( u n , i , y ) + A n u n , i , y u n , i + 1 r n y u n , i , J u n , i J y n , i 0 for all  y C , C n + 1 = { z C n : sup i 1 φ ( z , u n , i ) φ ( z , x n ) + Θ n } , x n + 1 = Π C n + 1 x 0 , n 0 ,
(2.1)

where α n , i + β n , i + γ n , i =1 and Θ n :=(1 α n , i ){ k n sup u F ξ(φ(u, x n ))+ η n }.

Theorem 2.1 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex, reflexive and smooth Banach space E having the Kadec-Klee property and let T i , S i :CC be two countable families of uniformly L-Lipschitzian and uniformly total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings with sequences { k n } and { η n }, where 0<L:=max{ L i T , L i S } for each i1, { k n }:= max n 1 {{ k n T },{ k n S }} and { η n }:= max n 1 {{ η n T },{ η n S }}. Let f n :C×CR, n=1,2,3,,N, be a finite family of bifunctions satisfying (A1)-(A4) such that f n = f n (modN). Let a α n , i , β n , i , γ n , i b for some a,b(0,1) and { r n }(0,) satisfying:

(C1) lim inf n r n >0.

Assume that F:=[ i = 1 F( T i )][ i = 1 F( S i )][ n = 1 N GEP( f n )]. Then the sequence { x n } generated by (2.1) converges strongly to x= Π F x 0 , where Π F is the generalized projection of E onto F.

Proof For each n=1,2,3,,N, define G n :C×CR by G n (x,y)= f n (x,y)+ A n x,yx. Then G n coincides with the classical equilibrium problem and satisfies (A1)-(A4). Now, we show that algorithm (2.1) is well defined. By Lemma 1.7(1) we have that F is closed and convex. Next we show that C n + 1 is closed and convex. Clearly, C 0 =C is closed and convex. Suppose that C k is closed and convex for kN (set of naturals). For each z C k , we observe that

C k + 1 = { z C k : sup i 1 φ ( z , u k , i ) φ ( z , x k ) + Θ k } = i 1 { z C k : φ ( z , u k , i ) φ ( z , x k ) + Θ k } = i 1 { z C k : 2 z , J x k J u k , i + u k , i 2 x k 2 Θ k 0 } C k .

This implies that C k + 1 is closed and convex. This implies, inductively, that C n + 1 is closed and convex for all n0. Now we prove that F C n + 1 for each n0. Obviously, F C 0 =C. Suppose that F C k for some kN. It follows from Lemma 1.6 that u k , i = V r k y k , i and V r k is relatively nonexpansive. Hence, for any pF, we have

φ ( p , u k , i ) = φ ( p , V r k y k , i ) φ ( p , y k , i ) = φ ( p , J 1 ( α k , i J x k + β k , i J T i n x k + γ k , i J S i n x k ) ) = p 2 2 p , α k , i J x k + β k , i J T i n x k + γ k , i J S i n x k + α k , i J x k + β k , i J T i n x k + γ k , i J S i n x k 2 p 2 2 α k , i p , J x k 2 β k , i p , J T i n x k 2 γ k , i p , J S i n x k + α k , i x k 2 + β k , i T i n x k 2 + γ k , i S i n x k 2 = α k , i ( p 2 2 p , J x k + x k 2 ) + β k , i ( p 2 2 p , J T i n x k + T i n x k 2 ) + γ k , i ( p 2 2 p , J S i n x k + S i n x k 2 ) = α k , i φ ( p , x k ) + β k , i φ ( p , T i n x k ) + γ k , i φ ( p , S i n x k ) α k , i φ ( p , x k ) + β k , i { φ ( p , x k ) + k k ξ ( φ ( p , x k ) ) + η k } + γ k , i { φ ( p , x k ) + k k ξ ( φ ( p , x k ) ) + η k } .

That is,

φ(p, u k , i )φ(p, x k )+(1 α k , i ) { k k ξ ( φ ( p , x k ) ) + η k } =φ(p, x k )+ Θ k ,
(2.2)

where Θ k :=(1 α k , i ){ k k sup u F ξ(φ(u, x k ))+ η k }. This shows that p C k + 1 ; consequently, F C k + 1 . By induction, we also get that F C n + 1 for all n0 with Θ n :=(1 α n , i ){ k n sup u F ξ(φ(u, x n ))+ η n }. Since F and C n + 1 is a nonempty closed convex subset of E, hence both Π C n + 1 x and { x n } are well defined.

Note that φ( x n , x ) is nondecreasing. In fact, from the definition of C n + 1 , we conclude that x n = Π C n x 0 and x n + 1 = Π C n + 1 x 0 C n + 1 C n ; hence

φ ( x n , x ) φ ( x n + 1 , x ) .

Moreover, from Lemma 1.3 we get that

φ ( x n , x ) =φ ( Π C n x 0 , x ) φ ( p , x ) φ(p, Π C n x 0 )φ ( p , x )

for each pF.

So φ( x n , x ) is nondecreasing and bounded. This implies that lim n φ( x n , x ) exists.

Let m Z + (a set of positive integers). Then Lemma 1.3 implies

φ ( x n + m , x n ) = φ ( x n + m , Π C n x 0 ) φ ( x n + m , x ) φ ( Π C n x 0 , x ) = φ ( x n + m , x ) φ ( x n , x ) .

Letting n, we have φ( x n + m , x n )0. By Lemma 1.4, we have

x n + m x n n 0.
(2.3)

Hence { x n } is Cauchy. Since C is a closed subset of the Banach space E, we can assume that there exists a point xC such that

x n xas n.
(2.4)

Note that { C n } is a decreasing sequence of closed convex subsets of E with C 0 = n = 1 C n is nonempty. That is,

M- lim n C n = C 0 = n = 1 C n .

Hence Lemma 1.1 asserts that { Π C n x 0 } converges to Π C 0 x 0 .

In what follows, we show that:

Step 1. x[ i = 1 F( T i )][ i = 1 F( S i )];

Step 2. x[ n = 1 N EP( G n )];

Step 3. x= Π F x 0 .

Proof of Step 1. As x n + 1 C n + 1 , so sup i 1 φ( x n + 1 , u n , i )φ( x n + 1 , x n )+ Θ n . It follows from (2.3) and the fact that Θ n n 0, we get lim n φ( x n + 1 , u n , i )=0 for all i1. Again by Lemma 1.4, we have

lim n x n + 1 u n , i =0,i1.
(2.5)

Observe that the following implication of the triangle inequality

x n u n , i x n x n + 1 + x n + 1 u n , i

yields that

lim n x n u n , i =0.
(2.6)

As J is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on bounded sets, so we have

lim n J x n J u n , i =0.
(2.7)

Moreover, it follows from (2.4) and (2.6) that

lim n u n , i x=0for all i1.
(2.8)

From (2.2), we know that φ(p, y n , i )φ(p, x n )+ Θ n for all i1 and for all pF. So, by Lemma 1.3, we have

φ ( u n , i , y n , i ) = φ ( V r n y n , i , y n , i ) φ ( p , y n , i ) φ ( p , V r n y n , i ) φ ( p , x n ) + Θ n φ ( p , V r n y n , i ) = φ ( p , x n ) φ ( p , u n , i ) + Θ n = x n 2 u n , i 2 2 p , J x n J u n , i + Θ n x n u n , i ( x n + u n , i ) 2 p , J x n J u n , i + Θ n .

Letting n in the above estimate and using (2.7), we have lim n φ( u n , i , y n , i )=0 for all i1; consequently, Lemma 1.4 asserts that

lim n u n , i y n , i =0,i1.
(2.9)

From (2.6) and (2.9), we have

lim n x n y n , i =0,i1.

Hence, we conclude that

y n , i n xfor all i1.
(2.10)

On the other hand, from Lemma 1.5, we have

φ ( p , u n , i ) = φ ( p , V r n y n , i ) φ ( p , y n , i ) = φ ( p , J 1 ( α n , i J x n + β n , i J T i n x n + γ n , i J S i n x n ) ) = p 2 2 p , α n , i J x n + β n , i J T i n x n + γ n , i J S i n x n + α n , i J x n + β n , i J T i n x n + γ n , i J S i n x n 2 p 2 2 α n , i p , J x n 2 β n , i p , J T i n x n 2 γ n , i p , J S i n x n + α n , i x n 2 + β n , i T i n x n 2 + γ n , i S i n x n 2 α n , i β n , i g ( J x n J T i n x n ) = α n , i φ ( p , x n ) + β n , i φ ( p , T i n x n ) + γ n , i φ ( p , S i n x n ) α n , i β n , i g ( J x n J T i n x n ) α n , i φ ( p , x n ) + ( 1 α n , i ) φ ( p , x n ) + ( 1 α n , i ) Θ n α n , i β n , i g ( J x n J T i n x n ) .

Since a α n , i , β n , i , re-arranging the terms of the above estimate and simplifying, we get

a 2 g ( J x n J T i n x n ) φ(p, x n )φ(p, u n , i )+(1 α n , i ) Θ n .

Reasoning as above and then utilizing (2.6), we get that

lim n g ( J x n J T i n x n ) =0,i1.

Note that g is a continuous function and g(0)=0, so we have

lim n J x n J T i n x n =0,i1.
(2.11)

In view of estimate (2.4), we conclude that J x n n Jx. Hence, from (2.11) we obtain

J T i n x n n Jx,i1.
(2.12)

Since J 1 is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous, (2.11) implies that

lim n x n T i n x n =0,i1.
(2.13)

Observe that

T i n x n x T i n x n x n + x n x.

So, we conclude from (2.4) and (2.13) that

lim n T i n x n x =0,i1.

Since each T i is uniformly L-Lipschitzian, we have

T i n + 1 x n T i n x n T i n + 1 x n T i n + 1 x n + 1 + T i n + 1 x n + 1 x n + 1 + x n + 1 x n + x n T i n x n ( L + 1 ) x n + 1 x n + T i n + 1 x n + 1 x n + 1 + x n T i n x n .

Hence, from (2.3) and (2.13), we obtain that

lim n T i n + 1 x n T i n x n =0,i1.

Moreover, it yields that lim n T i n + 1 x n x=0, i1; consequently, we have T i ( T i n x n ) n x, i1. So we infer that x i = 1 F( T i ).

Reasoning as above, one can also show that x i = 1 F( S i ).

Proof of Step 2. We first show that xEP( G 1 ), where G 1 = G n j for some j1. In view of estimate (2.9) and (C1), i.e., lim inf n r n >0, we observe that

lim j J u n j , i J y n j , i r n j =0,i1.

From u n j , i = V r n j y n j , i , for all n0 and i1, we have

G 1 ( u n j , i ,y)+ 1 r n j y u n j , i ,J u n j , i J y n j , i 0for all yC.

Using (A2), the above estimate yields that

1 r n j y u n j , i ,J u n j , i J y n , i G 1 ( u n j , i ,y) G 1 (y, u n j , i )for all yC.

From u n j , i x and (A4), we obtain G 1 (y,x)0 for all yC. Let y t =ty+(1t) x 0 for 0<t<1 and yC. Then y t C and hence G 1 ( y t ,x)0. From (A1) and (A4), we have 0= G 1 ( y t , y t )t G 1 ( y t ,y)+(1t) G 1 ( y t ,x)t G 1 ( y t ,y). Thus, G 1 ( y t ,y)0. From (A3), we have G 1 (x,y)0 for all yC. Hence xEP( G 1 ). In a similar fashion, we have some k1 such that G 2 = G n k and xEP( G 2 ). Therefore, x n = 1 N EP( G n ) and hence xF.

Proof of Step 3. Lemma 1.1 asserts that the sequence { x n }={ Π C n x 0 } converges to Π C 0 x 0 . Let p= Π C 0 x 0 F and F is a nonempty closed convex subset of C 0 = n = 1 C n . Therefore p= Π F x 0 . It suffices to show that x=p. For this, we reason as follows:

Since x n = Π C n x 0 and pF C n , we have

φ( x n , x 0 )φ(p, x 0 ).

Since the norm is weakly lower semicontinuous, we have

φ ( x , x 0 ) = x 2 2 x , J x 0 + x 0 2 lim inf k ( x n k 2 2 x n k , J x 0 + x 0 2 ) lim inf k φ ( x n k , x 0 ) lim sup k φ ( x n k , x 0 ) φ ( p , x 0 ) .

From the definition of Π F , we have x=p. Hence lim k φ( x n k , x 0 )=φ(p, x 0 ). Therefore, we have

0 = lim k ( φ ( x n k , x 0 ) φ ( x , x 0 ) ) = lim k ( x n k 2 x 2 + 2 x n k x , J x 0 ) = lim k ( x n k 2 x 2 ) .

Since E has the Kadec-Klee property, we have that lim k x n k =x= Π F x 0 .

The arbitrariness of { x n k } implies that { x n } converges strongly to x= Π F x 0 . □

Remark 2.2 If { T i } i = 1 N and { S i } i = 1 N are finite families in Theorem 2.1, then its conclusion can be strengthened as follows:

The sequence { x n } generated by (2.1) converges strongly to some xF if and only if lim n d( x n ,F)=0, where x= Π F x 0 and d(q,F)=inf{d(q,y):yF}.

Proof The necessity is obvious. Conversely, suppose that lim n d( x n ,F)=0. Since φ( x n , x ) is bounded and lim n φ( x n , x ) exists (established above). Moreover, Lemma 1.3 and the following estimate

φ ( x n + m , x n ) = φ ( x n + m , Π C n x ) φ ( x m , x ) φ ( Π C n x , x ) = φ ( x n + m , x ) φ ( x n , x )

imply φ( x n + m , x n )0 when m,n. Hence, Lemma 1.4 asserts that x n + m x n 0. Thus, { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Therefore, there exists a point xC such that x n x as n. Thus,

d(x,F)= lim n d( x n ,F)=0.

Since F is closed, this implies xF. Now, as in the proof of Step 3 in Theorem 2.1, we have x= Π F x 0 . □

To proceed further, we need the following concept.

Let f be a nondecreasing self-mapping on [0,) with f(0)=0 and f(t)>0 for all t(0,). Let { T i :iI} and { S i :iI} be two finite families of total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings on C with F. Then the two families are said to satisfy condition (I) on C if

xTxf ( d ( x , F ) ) orxSxf ( d ( x , F ) ) for all xC.

As an application of Theorem 2.1 to the case of finite families of mappings { T i } i = 1 N and { S i } i = 1 N , we obtain the following new strong convergence result.

Theorem 2.3 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex, reflexive and smooth Banach space E having the Kadec-Klee property and let T i , S i :CC be two finite families of uniformly L-Lipschitzian and uniformly total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings with sequences { k n } and { η n }, where 0<L:=max{ L i T , L i S } for each i1, { k n }:= max n 1 {{ k n T },{ k n S }} and { η n }:= max n 1 {{ η n T },{ η n S }}. Let f n :C×CR, n=1,2,3,,N, be a finite family of bifunctions satisfying (A1)-(A4) such that f n = f n (modN). Let a α n , i , β n , i , γ n , i b for some a,b(0,1) and { r n }(0,) satisfying

(C1) lim inf n r n >0.

Assume that T i and S i satisfy condition (I) and F. Then the sequence { x n } generated by (2.1) converges strongly to some xF, where x= Π F x 0 .

Proof It follows from Theorem 2.1 that

lim n x n T i n x n =0= lim n x n S i n x n .

Since { T i n :iI} and { S i n :iI} satisfy condition (I), so we have either

lim n f ( d ( u n , i , F ) ) lim n x n T i n x n =0,

or

lim n f ( d ( x n , F ) ) lim n x n S i n x n =0.

This implies that lim n f(d( u n , i ,F))=0. Since f is nondecreasing and f(0)=0, we have lim n d( u n , i ,F)=0. The rest of the proof follows from Remark 2.2 and is, therefore, omitted. □

As another application of Theorem 2.1, we establish a result for finding a common element in the set of solutions of a finite family of generalized equilibrium problems and the set of common zeros of two finite families of maximal monotone operators on a Banach space.

First we recall some preliminary concepts as follows.

A multi-valued operator T:E E is said to be monotone if for any x,yE and x , y E with x Tx and y Ty it holds that

x y , x y 0.

A point uE satisfying 0Tu is called a zero of T and the set of all such points is denoted by T 1 0. T is said to be maximal monotone if T has no monotone extension. Equivalently, T is maximal monotone if the graph of T, i.e., G(T)={(x,y):yTx}, is not properly contained in the graph of any other monotone operator (cf. [27], p.264).

Let E be a strictly convex, reflexive and smooth Banach space and let T:E E be a maximal monotone operator. For a positive real number r, we can define a single-valued mapping J r :ED(T) by J r (x)= ( J + r T ) 1 Jx for each xE. This mapping is called resolvent of T for r>0. It is known that if T is maximal monotone, then T 1 0=F( J r ) for each r>0. Moreover, T 1 0 is a closed convex subset of E. For each r>0, we can define Yosida approximation of T by Y r x= 1 r (JxJ J r x) for all xE. We know that Y r xT( J r x); for more details, see [9].

Theorem 2.4 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex, reflexive and smooth Banach space E having the Kadec-Klee property. Let T i , S i :E E , i=1,2,3,,N, be two finite families of maximal monotone operators and let J r , i T i and J r , i S i be the corresponding finite families of resolvents of T i and S i , respectively, where r>0. Let f n :C×CR, n=1,2,3,,N, be a finite family of bifunctions satisfying (A1)-(A4). Let { α n , i }, { β n , i } and { γ n , i } be three sequences in [0,1] such that α n , i + β n , i + γ n , i =1 and { r n }(0,) satisfying

(C1) lim inf n r n >0.

Assume that F:=[ i = 1 N T i 1 ][ i = 1 N S i 1 ][ n = 1 N GEP( f n )]. Then the sequence { x n } generated by

{ x 0 C 0 = C , y n , i = J 1 ( α n , i J x n + β n , i J J r n , i T i x n + γ n , i J J r n , i S i x n ) , f n ( u n , i , y ) + A n u n , i , y u n , i + 1 r n y u n , i , J u n , i J y n , i 0 for all  y C , C n + 1 = { z C n : sup i 1 φ ( z , u n , i ) φ ( z , x n ) + Θ n } , x n + 1 = Π C n + 1 x 0 , n 0 ,
(2.14)

converges strongly to Π F x 0 , where Π F is the generalized projection of E onto F and Θ n :=(1 α n , i ){ k n sup u F ξ(φ(u, x n ))+ η n }.

Proof The first part of this proof - J r n , i T i (resp. J r n , i S i ) are relatively nonexpansive mappings for each i1 - is essentially due to Matsushita and Takahashi (cf. [[27], p.265]) which we include for completeness. Note that F ˆ ( J r n , i T i ) T i 1 0 for each i=1,2,3,,N. Let p F ˆ ( J r n , i T i ). Then there exists { z n }E such that z n p and lim n z n J r n , i T i z n =0. Since lim inf n r n >0, we have

1 r n , i J z n J J r n , i T i z n 0.

It follows from 1 r n , i (J z n J J r n , i T i z n ) T i ( J r n , i T i z n ) and the monotonicity of T i that

w J r n , i T i z n , w 1 r n ( J z n J J r n , i T i z n ) 0

for all wD( T i ) and w T i w. Letting n, we have

w p , w 0

for all wD( T i ) and w T i w. Therefore, from the maximality of T i , we obtain that p T i 1 0. On the other hand, T i 1 0=F( J r , i T i ) and F( J r , i T i ) F ˆ ( J r , i T i ), so we have T i 1 0=F( J r , i T i )= F ˆ ( J r , i T i ) for each i=1,2,3,,N. Similarly, we can show that p S i 1 0 and S i 1 0=F( J r , i S i )= F ˆ ( J r , i S i ) for each i=1,2,3,,N. Moreover, the resolvent J r , i T i of T i (resp. J r , i S i of S i ) with r>0 satisfies φ(u, J r , i T i x)φ(u,x) for all uF( J r , i T i ) and xE (resp. φ(u, J r , i S i x)φ(u,x) for all uF( J r , i S i ) and xE). Hence J r , i T i and J r , i S i are relatively nonexpansive mappings. Since the class of relatively nonexpansive mappings is properly contained in the class of total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings, for a finitely many mappings case, one can derive the desired result from Theorem 2.1. □

Remark 2.5 It is worth to mention that Theorem 2.1 and Theorem 2.4 improve and generalize various results available in the current literature. In particular, we highlight some significant features of both these theorems as follows.

  1. (i)

    Algorithm (2.1) is comparatively more general and computationally simpler than the algorithms which appeared in [12, 18] and [22], respectively, in the context of (two) countable families of total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings.

  2. (ii)

    Theorem 2.1 improves and extends [[12], Theorem 3.1], [16], [[21], Theorem 3.1] and [[22], Theorem 3.1] for two countable families of total quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings and a finite family of generalized equilibrium problems.

  3. (iii)

    Theorem 2.4 improves and extends [[12], Theorem 4.1] for two finite families of maximal monotone operators. Moreover, our algorithm (2.14) is computationally simpler in comparison with algorithm (4.3) in [[12], Theorem 3.1].

  4. (iv)

    Theorem 2.4 improves and extends [[28], Theorem 4.1] for two finite families of maximal monotone operators in the more general domain of a strictly convex, reflexive and smooth Banach space E.

  5. (v)

    In the context of an approximate common solution for an equilibrium problem, a maximal monotone operator and a countable family of relatively nonexpansive mappings, algorithms (2.1) and (2.14) are more general and computationally simpler in comparison with algorithms (3.1) and (4.2), respectively, in [28].

  6. (vi)

    Algorithm (2.14) is computationally simpler in comparison with algorithms (3.6) in [29] and (3.1) in [30]. Moreover, Theorem 2.4 improves [[29], Theorem 3.2] and [[30], Theorem 3.1] by removing the H n and W n conditions in the corresponding algorithms.

  7. (vii)

    Theorem 2.4 is an analogue of [[17], Theorem 3.1] for the approximation of a common zero for a finite family of maximal monotone operators.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to anonymous referees for their critical and useful comments. The author MAA Khan gratefully acknowledges the support of Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. The authors H Fukhar-ud-din and AR Khan are grateful to King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals for supporting the research project IN121037.

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Khan, M.A.A., Fukhar-ud-din, H. & Khan, A.R. Mosco convergence results for common fixed point problems and generalized equilibrium problems in Banach spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 59 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-59

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