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Fixed point theorems for monotone multi-valued mappings in partially ordered metric spaces

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce two new types of monotone multi-valued mappings in partially ordered metric spaces and prove some fixed point theorems of those two types of mappings under some contraction conditions. Our main results extend many known results in the literature. Moreover, we also give an example which satisfies our main theorem but Nadler’s theorem cannot be applied.

MSC:47H04, 47H10.

1 Introduction

For a metric space (X,d), we let CB(X) and Comp(X) to be the set of all nonempty closed bounded subsets of X and the set of all nonempty compact subsets of X, respectively.

Fixed point theorems of multi-valued mappings play extremely important roles in economics and engineering [1, 2], especially in game theory [3, 4]. They can be used for proving the existence of Nash equilibria of a non-cooperative game. The first well-known theorem for multi-valued contraction mappings was given by Nadler [5] in 1967.

Theorem 1.1 ([5])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and let T be a mapping from X into CB(X). Assume that there exists k[0,1) such that

H(Tx,Ty)kd(x,y)for all x,yX.

Then there exists zX such that zTz.

The Nadler’s fixed point theorem for multi-valued contractive mappings has been extended in many directions (see [2, 417]). Reich [18] proved the following fixed point theorem for multi-valued φ contraction mappings.

Theorem 1.2 ([18])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and let T be a mapping from X into Comp(X). Assume that there exists a function φ:(0,)[0,1) such that

lim r t + supφ(r)<1for each t[0,)

and

H(Tx,Ty)φ ( d ( x , y ) ) ( d ( x , y ) ) for all x,yX.

Then there exists zX such that zTz.

The multi-valued mapping T considered by Reich in Theorem 2 has compact value, that is, Tx is a nonempty compact subset of X for all xX. In 1989, Mizoguchi and Takahashi [16] relaxed the compactness of value of T to closed and bounded subsets of X. They proved the following theorem, which is a generalization of Nadler’s theorem.

Theorem 1.3 ([16])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and let T:XCB(X). Assume that there exists a function φ:(0,)[0,1) such that

lim r t + supφ(r)<1for each t[0,)

and

H(Tx,Ty)φ ( d ( x , y ) ) ( d ( x , y ) ) for all x,yX.

Then there exists zX such that zTz.

Recently, many fixed point theorems have been extended to partially ordered space (see [24, 816, 1922]). Some fixed point theorems in partially ordered metric spaces can be applied to study a problem of ordinary differential equations. In 2004, Ran and Reurings [23] proved Banach’s fixed point theorem in partially ordered metric spaces.

Theorem 1.4 ([23])

Let X be a partially ordered set such that every pair x,yX has a lower bound and upper bound. Furthermore, let d be a metric on T such that (X,d) is a complete metric space. If T is a continuous, monotone (i.e., either order-preserving or order-reversing) map from X into X such that

  1. (1)

    there exists c(0,1) such that

    d ( T ( x ) , T ( y ) ) cd(x,y)for all xy,
  2. (2)

    there exists x 0 T x 0 such that x 0 T( x 0 ) or x 0 T( x 0 ),

then T has a unique fixed point x ¯ . Moreover, for every xX,

lim n T n (x)= x ¯ .

In 2005, Nieto and Rodriguez-Lopez [24] extended the above result for a mapping T without continuity.

Theorem 1.5 ([24])

Let (X,) be a partially ordered set and suppose that there exists a metric d in X such that (X,d) is a complete metric space. Assume that X satisfies

if a nondecreasing sequence { x n }x in X,then  x n x,n.

Let f:XX be a monotone nondecreasing mapping such that there exists k[0,1) with

d ( f ( x ) , f ( y ) ) kd(x,y),xy.

If there exists x 0 X with x 0 f( x 0 ), then f has a fixed point.

Motivated by these works, we are interested to define two types of monotone multi-valued mappings in partially ordered metric spaces and prove some fixed point theorems of these mappings under some contraction conditions considered by Mizoguchi and Takahashi [16].

2 Preliminaries

Let (X,d) be a metric space and CB(X) be the set of all nonempty closed bounded subsets of X. For xX and A,BCB(X), define

d ( x , A ) = inf { d ( x , y ) : y A } , δ ( A , B ) = sup { d ( x , B ) : x A } .

Denote H the Hausdorff metric induced by d, that is,

H(A,B)=max { sup u A d ( u , B ) , sup v B d ( v , A ) } .

The following two lemmas which can be found in [5] or [16] are useful for our main results.

Lemma 2.1 ([5])

Let (X,d) be a metric space. If A,BCB(X) and aA, then, for each ϵ>0, there exists bB such that

d(a,b)H(A,B)+ϵ.

Lemma 2.2 ([16])

Let { A n } be a sequence of sets in CB(X), and suppose lim n H( A n , A 0 )=0 where A 0 CB(X). Then if x n A n , n=1,2,3, , and if lim n x n = x 0 , it follows that x 0 A 0 .

Definition 2.3 Let T:X 2 X be a mapping. A point xX is said to be a fixed point of T if xTx.

Definition 2.4 A preorder is a binary relation ≤ in a set X which satisfies the followings conditions:

  1. (1)

    xx (reflexivity);

  2. (2)

    if xy and yz, then xz (transitivity)

for all x,yX.

A set with a preorder ≤ is called a preordered set.

For x,yX, we write

x<yif xy and xy.

A partial ordering in a set X is a preordered ≤ in X with the additional property:

If xy and yx,then x=y (antisymmetry).

A set together with a definite partial ordering is called a partially ordered set. Let (X,) be a partially ordered set. In 2010, Beg and Butt [8] defined relations between two sets. For A,BX, the relations ( I ) and ( II ) between A and B are defined as follows:

  1. (1)

    A ( I ) B if ab for all aA and bB.

  2. (2)

    A ( II ) B if for each aA there exists bB such that ab.

Note that if A is a nonempty subset of X with A ( I ) A, then A is singleton.

Next, we define two types of monotone mappings by using the relations ( I ) and ( II ) .

Definition 2.5 Let (X,d) be a metric space endowed with a partial order ≤ and T:XCB(X). Then T is said to be

  1. (i)

    monotone nondecreasing of type (I) if

    x,yX,x<yTx ( I ) Ty;
  2. (ii)

    monotone nondecreasing of type (II) if

    x,yX,xyTx ( II ) Ty.

The concept of monotonicity of type (II) was first introduced by Fujimoto [21]. Instead of monotonicity of type (II), he used the notion of isotone or ordered-increasing upward. He proved the following fixed point theorem known as the Fujimoto-Tarski fixed point theorem.

Theorem 2.6 ([21])

Let (X,) be a complete lattice and F:X 2 X {} a multi-valued mapping. If F satisfies the following two conditions:

  1. (1)

    F is isotone, that is, (F is ordered-increasing upward) if xy, then for any zF(x) there is a wF(y) such that zw.

  2. (2)

    SF(x)={zX:zu for some uF(x)} is an inductively ordered set for each xX.

Then F has a fixed point.

He also applied this result to study solvability of vector-complementarity problems. In [4], Li applied this theorem to investigate the existence of generalized and extended Nash equilibria of non-monetized, non-cooperative games on chain-complete lattices.

Very recently, Li [4] extended Theorem 2.6 to the following theorems.

Theorem 2.7 Let (P,) be a chain-complete poset and let P:P 2 P {} be a set-valued mapping. If F satisfies the following three conditions:

(A1) F is order-increasing upward;

(A2) (SF(x),) is an inductively ordered set, for each xP;

(A3) There is a y in P with yu for some uF(y).

Then F has a fixed point.

He also used this theorem to study the existence of generalized and extended Nash equilibrium problems.

It is easy to see that monotone nondecreasing of type (I) is of type (II) but the converse is not true as seen in the following example.

Example 2.8 Let X=[0,) with the usual relation ≤ defined on it. Let T:X 2 X be defined by

Tx=[0,x],xX.

It is easy to see that T is monotone nondecreasing of type (II) but not type (I).

3 Main results

We first prove the existence theorem for monotone multi-valued mappings of type (II) involving the delta distance. Throughout this paper, we use J to denote the class function φ:[0,)[0,1) such that lim r t + supφ(r)<1 for each t[0,).

Theorem 3.1 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space endowed with a partial orderedand T:XCB(X) be multi-valued mapping. Suppose that:

  1. (1)

    T is monotone of type (II).

  2. (2)

    There exists x 0 X such that x 0 ( II ) T x 0 .

  3. (3)

    For each sequence { x n } such that x n x n + 1 for all nN and x n converges to x, for some xX, then x n x for all nN.

  4. (4)

    There exists a function φJ such that

    δ(Tx,Ty)φ ( d ( x , y ) ) ( d ( x , y ) ) for all x,yX with xy.

Then there exists xX such that xTx.

Proof By assumption (2), there exists x 1 T x 0 such that x 0 x 1 . Moreover, by monotonicity of T, we have T x 0 T x 1 i.e. there exists x 2 T x 1 such that x 1 x 2 . By (4), we have

d( x 1 , x 2 )δ(T x 0 ,T x 1 )φ ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) d( x 0 , x 1 )<d( x 0 , x 1 ).

By induction, we obtain a sequence { x n } in X with the property that x n + 1 T x n , x n x n + 1 and

d( x n , x n + 1 )<d( x n 1 , x n )for all nN.

We see that {d( x n , x n + 1 )} is strictly decreasing and bounded below so

lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=r0.

Suppose r>0. Then

d( x n , x n + 1 )δ(T x n 1 ,T x n )φ ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) d( x n 1 , x n ).

Therefore

r = lim sup n d ( x n , x n + 1 ) lim sup n φ ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) lim sup n d ( x n 1 , x n ) < lim sup n d ( x n 1 , x n ) = r ,

which is a contradiction. We conclude that r=0 i.e., lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0. We will show that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. To show this, suppose not. Then there exist ϵ>0 and integers m k , n k N such that m k > n k k and

d( x n k , x m k )ϵfor k=0,1,2,.

Also choosing m k as small as possible, it may be assumed that

d( x m k 1 , x n k )<ϵ.

Hence, for each kN, we have

ϵ d ( x m k , x n k ) d ( x m k , x m k 1 ) + d ( x m k 1 , x n k ) < d ( x m k 1 , x m k ) + ϵ .

Since lim k d( x m k 1 , x m k )=0, we have lim k d( x m k . x n k )=ϵ. By transitivity of ≤, we have x n k x m k . By using the triangle inequality and assumption (4), we have

d ( x m k , x n k ) d ( x m k , x m k + 1 ) + d ( x m k + 1 , x n k + 1 ) + d ( x n k + 1 , x n k ) d ( x m k , x m k + 1 ) + δ ( ( T x m k , T x n k ) ) + d ( x n k + 1 , x n k ) d ( x m k , x m k + 1 ) + φ ( d ( x m k , x n k ) ) d ( x m k , x n k ) + d ( x n k + 1 , x n k ) .

Letting k and using the property of φ, we obtain

ϵ 0 + lim sup k ( φ ( d ( x m k , x n k ) ) d ( x m k , x n k ) ) + 0 = lim sup k φ ( d ( x m k , x n k ) ) lim sup k d ( x m k , x n k ) < lim sup k d ( x m k , x n k ) = ϵ ,

which is a contradiction. Hence { x n } is a Cauchy sequence in X. Since X is complete, there exists xX such that lim n x n =x. Moreover, we have x n x by (3) and

d ( x , T x ) d ( x , x n + 1 ) + d ( x n + 1 , T x n ) + δ ( T x n , T x ) d ( x , x n + 1 ) + φ ( d ( x n , x ) ) d ( x n , x ) < d ( x , x n + 1 ) + d ( x n , x ) .

Taking n, we obtain d(x,Tx)=0. That is, xTx. □

In the next theorem, we prove a fixed point theorem of monotone multi-valued mapping of type (I) under some contraction conditions involving the Hausdorff distance.

Theorem 3.2 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space endowed with a partial orderedand T:XCB(X) be multi-valued mapping. Suppose that:

  1. (1)

    T is monotone nondecreasing of type (I).

  2. (2)

    There exists x 0 X such that x 0 ( II ) T x 0 .

  3. (3)

    For each sequence { x n } such that x n x n + 1 for all nN and x n converges to x, for some xX, then x n x for all nN.

  4. (4)

    There exists a function φJ such that

    H(Tx,Ty)φ ( d ( x , y ) ) ( d ( x , y ) ) for all x,yX with xy.

Then there exists xX such that xTx.

Proof Suppose that T has no fixed point, i.e.,

d(x,Tx)>0for all xX.

By assumption (4), for any t>0, there exist M(t)>0 and δ(t)>0 such that

φ(r)M(t)<1for all r with t<r<t+δ(t).
(3.1)

Since x 0 ( II ) T x 0 , there exists x 1 T x 0 such that x 0 x 1 . By monotonicity of T, we have T x 0 ( I ) T x 1 . Put t 1 =d( x 1 ,T x 1 ). Note that d( x 1 ,T x 1 )d(x,y) for all yT x 1 . We consider the following cases:

Case (I): d( x 1 ,T x 1 )<d( x 1 ,y) for all yT x 1 . Choose d( t 1 ) such that

d( t 1 )<min { δ ( t 1 ) , ( 1 M ( t 1 ) 1 ) t 1 }
(3.2)

and then put

ϵ( x 1 )=min { d ( t 1 ) t 1 , 1 } .
(3.3)

Then there exists x 2 T x 1 such that

d( x 1 , x 2 )<d( x 1 ,T x 1 )+ϵ( x 1 )d( x 1 ,T x 1 )= ( 1 + ϵ ( x 1 ) ) d( x 1 ,T x 1 ).
(3.4)

By the hypothesis that T has no fixed point, we have x 1 x 2 so x 1 < x 2 and by (4), we obtain

d( x 2 ,T x 2 )H(T x 1 ,T x 2 )φ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) d( x 1 , x 2 ).

This implies

d ( x 1 , T x 1 ) d ( x 2 , T x 2 ) d ( x 1 , T x 1 ) φ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) d ( x 1 , x 2 ) > 1 1 + ϵ ( x 1 ) d ( x 1 , x 2 ) φ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) d ( x 1 , x 2 ) = { 1 1 + ϵ ( x 1 ) φ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) } d ( x 1 , x 2 ) .
(3.5)

By (3.3) and (3.4) we obtain

t 1 = d ( x 1 , T x 1 ) < d ( x 1 , x 2 ) < d ( x 1 , T x 1 ) + ϵ ( x 1 ) d ( x 1 , T x 1 ) t 1 + d ( t 1 ) < t 1 + δ ( t 1 ) .

This implies by (3.1) that φ(d( x 1 , x 2 ))M( t 1 )<1. Since

ϵ( x 1 ) d ( t 1 ) t 1 < 1 M ( t 1 ) 1,

we have 1 1 + ϵ ( x 1 ) >M( t 1 ). Hence

1 1 + ϵ ( x 1 ) φ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) >0.
(3.6)

It follows from (3.5) that d( x 2 ,T x 2 )<d( x 1 ,T x 1 ).

Case (II): d( x 1 ,T x 1 )=d( x 1 , x 2 ) for some x 2 T x 1 . Since T x 0 ( I ) T x 1 , we have x 1 x 2 . By (4), we have

d ( x 1 , T x 1 ) d ( x 2 , T x 2 ) d ( x 1 , T x 1 ) H ( T x 1 , T x 2 ) d ( x 1 , T x 1 ) φ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) d ( x 1 , x 2 ) = { 1 φ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) } d ( x 1 , x 2 ) > 0 .

Therefore d( x 2 ,T x 2 )<d( x 1 ,T x 1 ). Next, let t 2 =d( x 2 ,T x 2 ). Then d( x 2 ,T x 2 )d( x 2 ,y) for all yT x 2 . Again we consider the following two cases:

Case (A): d( x 2 ,T x 2 )<d( x 2 ,y) for all yT x 2 . For δ( t 2 ) and M( t 2 ), choose d( t 2 ) with

d( t 2 )<min { δ ( t 2 ) , ( 1 M ( t 2 ) 1 ) t 1 }

and set

ϵ( x 2 )=min { d ( t 2 ) t 2 , 1 2 , t 1 t 2 1 } .

By using the argument as above, we obtain x 3 T x 2 such that

d( x 2 , x 3 )< ( 1 + ϵ ( x 2 ) ) d( x 2 ,T x 2 )

and

d ( x 2 , T x 2 ) d ( x 3 , T x 3 ) { 1 1 + ϵ ( x 2 ) φ ( d ( x 2 , x 3 ) ) } d ( x 2 , x 3 ) > 0 .

Hence d( x 3 ,T x 3 <d( x 2 ,T x 2 )). From ϵ( x 2 ) t 1 t 2 1, it follows that

d( x 2 , x 3 )< ( 1 + ϵ ( x 2 ) ) d( x 2 ,T x 2 )d( x 1 ,T x 1 )d( x 1 , x 2 ).

Case (B): d( x 2 ,T x 2 )=d( x 2 , x 3 ) for some x 3 T x 2 . Using the same method as above, we can show that

d( x 2 ,T x 2 )d( x 3 ,T x 3 ) { 1 φ ( d ( x 2 , x 3 ) ) } d( x 2 , x 3 )>0

and

d( x 2 , x 3 )=d( x 2 ,T x 2 )<d( x 1 ,T x 1 )d( x 1 , x 2 ).

Hence, d( x 3 ,T x 3 )<d( x 2 ,T x 2 ) and d( x 2 , x 3 )<d( x 1 , x 2 ). By continuing in this way, we can construct a sequence { x n } in X with x n + 1 T x n , x n x n + 1 for all nN such that {d( x n , x n + 1 )} and {d( x n ,T x n )} are decreasing sequences of positive numbers and

d( x n ,T x n )d( x n + 1 ,T x n + 1 ) { 1 1 + γ ( x n ) φ ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) } d( x n , x n + 1 ),
(3.7)

where γ( x n ) is a real number with 0γ( x n ) 1 n (n=1,2,). Since {d( x n , x n + 1 )} is decreasing, there exists t[0,) such that lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=t. By the property of φ, we obtain

lim n supφ ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) <1.

Putting a n = 1 1 + γ ( x n ) φ(d( x n , x n + 1 )), we have

lim n inf a n lim n 1 1 + γ ( x n ) lim n supφ ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) >0.

This implies by (3.7) that there exists b>0 such that

d( x n ,T x n )d( x n + 1 ,T x n + 1 )bd( x n , x n + 1 )

for large enough n. Since {d( x n ,T x n )} is decreasing, it is convergent. It follows that

d ( x n , x m ) j = n m 1 d ( x j , x j + 1 ) 1 b j = n m 1 { d ( x j , T x j ) d ( x j + 1 , T x j + 1 ) } = 1 b { d ( x n , T x n ) d ( x m , T x m ) } 0

as m,n. Hence { x n } is Cauchy. So { x n } converges to some xX. By (3), we obtain x n x for all nN. By (4), we get

H(Tx,T x n )φ ( d ( x , x n ) ) d(x, x n )d(x, x n ).

Hence lim n H(Tx,T x n )=0. Since x n + 1 T x n and { x n + 1 } converges to x, it follows from Lemma 2.2 that xTx. This contradicts that T has no fixed point. This complete the proof. □

Corollary 3.3 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space endowed with a partial orderedand T:XCB(X) be multi-valued mapping. Suppose that:

  1. (1)

    T is monotone of type (II).

  2. (2)

    There exists x 0 X such that x 0 ( II ) T x 0 .

  3. (3)

    For each sequence { x n } such that x n x n + 1 for all nN and x n converges to x, for some xX, then x n x for all nN.

  4. (4)

    There exists k(0,1) such that

    δ(Tx,Ty)k ( d ( x , y ) ) for each xy.

Then there exists xX such that xTx.

Proof We denote φ(r)=k for all r(0,), so, for any t[0,),

lim r t + supφ(r)=k<1.

Moreover, for each x,yX with xy, we obtain

δ(Tx,Ty)k ( d ( x , y ) ) =φ ( d ( x , y ) ) ( d ( x , y ) ) .

By Theorem 3.2, we obtain the desired result. □

Remark 3.4 The reader interested in common fixed point results of multi-valued mappings taking closed values in ordered generalized metric spaces is referred to [6].

Example 3.5 Let X={ 1 2 , 1 4 ,, 1 2 n ,}{0,1}, d(x,y)=|xy|, for x,yX; then X is a complete metric space. Define a relation ≤ by

xyif  y x N or x=y=0.

It is easy to check that this relation is a partially ordered. Note that 01.

Define the mapping T:XCB(X) by

T(x)={ { 1 2 2 n + 1 , 1 2 2 n } if  x = 1 2 n , n = 1 , 2 , , { 0 } if  x = 0 , { 1 4 , 1 2 , 1 } if  x = 1 .

Clearly, T is increasing of type (I). Moreover, if 1 2 n 1 2 m ,

H ( T ( 1 2 n ) , T ( 1 2 m ) ) = H ( { 1 2 2 n + 1 , 1 2 2 n } , { 1 2 2 m + 1 , 1 2 2 m } ) = | 1 2 2 m + 1 1 2 2 n + 1 | = 1 2 | 1 2 2 m 1 2 2 n | < 1 2 | 1 2 m 1 2 n | = 1 2 d ( 1 2 n , 1 2 m )

and

H ( T ( 0 ) , T ( 1 2 n ) ) = H ( { 0 } , { 1 2 2 n + 1 , 1 2 2 n } ) = 1 2 2 n + 1 < 1 2 n + 1 = 1 2 d ( 0 , 1 2 n ) .

Moreover,

H ( T ( 0 ) , T ( 1 ) ) = H ( { 0 } , { 1 4 , 1 2 , 1 } ) = max { 1 4 , 1 } = 1 > φ ( d ( 0 , 1 ) ) d ( 0 , 1 ) for any  φ J .

Thus T is not a contraction mapping. So Nadler’s theorem and Mizoguchi and Takahashi’s theorem [16] cannot guarantee the existence of its fixed point. However, T satisfies all conditions of Theorem 3.2. So it has a fixed point and we note that 0 and 1 are its fixed points.

4 Some applications

In this section, we will recall some concepts of generalized and extended Nash equilibria of non-monetized, non-cooperative game which are defined in [3, 4] and we point out that our main result can be applied to prove some existence theorems for generalized and extended Nash equilibria problems.

Definition 4.1 Let n be a positive integer greater than 1. An n-person non-monetized non-cooperative game consists of the following elements:

  1. 1.

    the set of n players, which is denoted by N={1,2,,n};

  2. 2.

    the collection of n strategy sets { S 1 , S 2 ,, S n }, for the n player, respectively, such that ( S i , i ) is a chain-complete poset, for every player i=1,2,,n, with notation S= S 1 × S 2 ×× S n ;

  3. 3.

    the outcome space (U, U ) that is a poset;

  4. 4.

    the n payoff function P 1 , P 2 ,, P n , where P i is the payoff function for player i that is a mapping from S 1 × S 2 ×× S n to the poset (U, U ), for i=1,2,,n. We denote P={ P 1 , P 2 ,, P n }.

This game is denoted by Γ=(N,S,P,U).

The rule to play in an n-person non-monetized, non-cooperative game Γ=(N,S,P,U) is that when all the n players 1,2,,n simultaneously and independently choose their own strategies x 1 , x 2 ,, x n where x i S i , for i=1,2,,n, then player i will receive his or her utility (payoff) P i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x n )U. For any x=( x 1 , x 2 ,, x n )S, and for every given i=1,2,,n, as usual, we denote

x i :=( x 1 , x 2 ,, x i 1 , x i + 1 ,, x n )and S i := S 1 × S 2 ×× S i 1 × S i + 1 ×× S n .

Then x i S i . We use the following notations: x=( x i , x i ) and P i ( S i , x i )={ P i ( t i , x i ): t i S i }.

Next, we recall the concept of generalized and extended Nash equilibrium of non-monetized, non-cooperative games on preordered sets.

Definition 4.2 In an n-person non-monetized, non-cooperative game Γ=(N,S,P,U), a selection of strategies x ˆ =( x ˆ 1 , x ˆ 2 ,, x ˆ n )( S 1 × S 2 ×× S n ) is called

  1. 1.

    a generalized Nash equilibrium of this game, if, for every i=1,2,,n, the following order inequality holds:

    P i ( x i , x ˆ i ) U P i ( x ˆ i , x ˆ i )for all  x i S i ;
  2. 2.

    an extended Nash equilibrium of this game, if, for every i=1,2,,n, the following order inequality holds:

    P i ( x i , x ˆ i ) U P i ( x ˆ i , x ˆ i )for all  x i S i .

We note that the conditions (A1) and (A2) of Theorem 2.7 are those (1) and (3) of Theorem 3.1, respectively, while we have no assumption (A2) in Theorem 2.7. However, we need to assume conditions (3) and (4) because the studied space of our main result is more general than that of Theorem 2.7. We observe that in our study, we need some contractive condition on a mapping T:XCB(X).

By using the same as the application of Theorem 2.7, under some modifications of the problem setting, Theorem 3.1 can be applied to prove the existence of generalized and extended Nash equilibria of non-monetized, non-cooperative game on a partially ordered metric space.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

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Tiammee, J., Suantai, S. Fixed point theorems for monotone multi-valued mappings in partially ordered metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 110 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-110

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