- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings on cone metric spaces over Banach algebras without assumption of normality
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2014, Article number: 102 (2014)
Abstract
In this paper, we first present some elementary results concerning cone metric spaces over Banach algebras. Next, by using these results and the related ones about c-sequence on cone metric spaces we obtain some new fixed point theorems for the generalized Lipschitz mappings on cone metric spaces over Banach algebras without the assumption of normality. As a consequence, our main results improve and generalize the corresponding results in the recent paper by Liu and Xu (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013:320, 2013).
MSC:54H25, 47H10.
1 Introduction
In 2007, cone metric spaces were reviewed by Huang and Zhang, as a generalization of metric spaces (see [1]). The distance of two elements x and y in a cone metric space X is defined to be a vector in an ordered Banach space E, quite different from that which is defined to be a non-negative real number in general metric spaces. They gave the version of the Banach contraction principle and other basic theorems in the setting of cone metric spaces. Later on, by omitting the assumption of normality in the results of [1], Rezapour and Hamlbarani [2] obtained some fixed point theorems, as the generalizations of the relevant results in [1]. Besides, they presented a number of examples to prove the existence of non-normal cones, which shows that such generalizations are meaningful. Since then, many authors have been interested in the study of fixed point results in the setting of cone metric spaces (see [2–10]).
Recall that a mapping is said to be contractive if there is a constant such that
The right-hand side of the inequality (1) is the vector as the result of the operation of scalar multiplication in cone metric spaces. In [1], the authors proved that there exists a unique fixed point for contractive mappings in complete cone metric spaces.
Recently, some authors investigated the problem of whether cone metric spaces are equivalent to metric spaces in terms of the existence of the fixed points of the mappings involved. They established the equivalence between some fixed point results in metric and in (topological vector space-valued) cone metric spaces see [11–14]. Actually, they showed that any cone metric space is equivalent to a usual metric space , where the real-valued metric function is defined by a nonlinear scalarization function (see [12]) or by a Minkowski functional (see [13]). After that, some other interesting generalizations were developed. See, for instance, [4].
Very recently, Liu and Xu [15] introduced the concept of cone metric spaces over Banach algebras (which were called cone metric spaces over Banach algebras in [15]), replacing Banach spaces by Banach algebras as the underlying spaces of cone metric spaces. They replaced the Banach space E by a Banach algebra and introduced the concept of cone metric spaces over Banach algebras. In this way, they proved some fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings with weaker and natural conditions on generalized Lipschitz constant k by means of spectral radius. Note that it is significant to introduce the concept of cone metric spaces with Banach algebras since one can prove that cone metric spaces with Banach algebras are not equivalent to metric spaces in terms of the existence of the fixed points of the generalized Lipschitz mappings. As a matter of fact, Liu and Xu showed that the main results obtained in [15] could not be reduced to a consequence of corresponding results in metric spaces by means of the methods in the literature. This does bring about prosperity in the study of cone metric spaces. However, the proofs of the main results in [15] depends strongly on the condition that the underlying solid cone is normal. In this paper, we delete the superfluous assumption of normality of the paper [15] and also obtain the existence and uniqueness of the fixed point for the generalized Lipschitz mappings in the setting of cone metric spaces over Banach algebras. The methods and techniques used in this paper are quite different from those appearing in [2]. Furthermore, we give an example to support that it is meaningful to set up fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings without the assumption of normality of the underlying solid cones.
2 Preliminaries
Let always be a real Banach algebra. That is, is a real Banach space in which an operation of multiplication is defined, subject to the following properties (for all , ):
-
1.
;
-
2.
and ;
-
3.
;
-
4.
.
Throughout this paper, we shall assume that a Banach algebra has a unit (i.e., a multiplicative identity) e such that for all . An element is said to be invertible if there is an inverse element such that . The inverse of x is denoted by . For more details, we refer to [16].
The following proposition is well known (see [16]).
Proposition 2.1 Let be a Banach algebra with a unit e, and . If the spectral radius of x is less than 1, i.e.,
then is invertible. Actually,
Remark 2.1 From [16] we see that the spectral radius of x satisfies
for all , where is a Banach algebra with a unit e.
Remark 2.2 In Proposition 2.1, if the condition ‘’ is replaced by , then the conclusion remains true.
Now let us recall the concepts of cone and semi-order for a Banach algebra . A subset P of is called a cone of if
-
1.
P is non-empty closed and ;
-
2.
for all non-negative real numbers α, β;
-
3.
;
-
4.
,
where θ denotes the null of the Banach algebra . For a given cone , we can define a partial ordering ⪯ with respect to P by if and only if . will stand for and , while will stand for , where intP denotes the interior of P. If then P is called a solid cone.
The cone P is called normal if there is a number such that, for all ,
The least positive number satisfying above is called the normal constant of P [1].
In the following we always assume that P is a cone in with and ⪯ is the partial ordering with respect to P.
Definition 2.1 (See [1, 15] and [17])
Let X be a non-empty set. Suppose that the mapping satisfies
-
1.
for all and if and only if ;
-
2.
for all ;
-
3.
for all .
Then d is called a cone metric on X, and is called a cone metric space over a Banach algebra .
For convenance, we give an example of cone metric space over Banach algebra as follows. For more examples, see [15].
Example 2.1 (See [15])
Let be the algebra of all n-square real matrices, and define the norm
Then is a real Banach algebra with the unit e the identity matrix.
Let . Then is a normal cone with normal constant .
Let , and define the metric by
Then is a cone metric space over Banach algebra with normality.
Example 2.2 Let and define a norm on by for . Define multiplication in as just pointwise multiplication. Then is a real unital Banach algebra with unit . The set is a cone in . Moreover, P is not normal (see [2]).
Let . Define by , , . We see that is a cone metric space over Banach algebra without normality.
Definition 2.2 (See [1, 15] or [17])
Let be a cone metric space over a Banach algebra , and let be a sequence in X. Then:
-
1.
converges to x whenever for each with there is a natural number N such that for all . We denote this by or .
-
2.
is a Cauchy sequence whenever for each with there is a natural number N such that for all .
-
3.
is a complete cone metric space if every Cauchy sequence is convergent.
Now, we shall appeal to the following lemmas in the sequel.
Lemma 2.1 (See [18])
If E is a real Banach space with a cone P and if with and , then .
Lemma 2.2 (See [9])
If E is a real Banach space with a solid cone P and if for each , then .
Lemma 2.3 (See [9])
If E is a real Banach space with a solid cone P and if (), then for any , there exists such that, for any , we have .
Finally, let us recall the concept of generalized Lipschitz mapping defining on the cone metric spaces over Banach algebras, which is introduced in [15].
Definition 2.3 (See [15])
Let be a cone metric space over a Banach algebra . A mapping is called a generalized Lipschitz mapping if there exists a vector with and for all , one has
Remark 2.3 In Definition 2.3, we only suppose the spectral radius of k is less than 1, while is not assumed. Generally speaking, it is meaningful since by Remark 2.1, the condition is weaker than that .
Remark 2.4 If then ().
3 Main results
In this section, by omitting the assumption of normality of the main results in Liu and Xu [15], we shall prove some fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings in the setting of cone metric spaces over Banach algebras.
We begin this section with reviewing some facts on c-sequence theory.
Let P be a solid cone in a Banach space . A sequence is a c-sequence if for each there exists such that for .
It is easy to show the following proposition.
Proposition 3.1 (See [19])
Let P be a solid cone in a Banach space and let and be sequences in P. If and are c-sequences and , then is a c-sequence.
In addition to Proposition 3.1 above, the following propositions are crucial to the proof of our main result.
Proposition 3.2 (See [19])
Let P be a solid cone in a Banach algebra and let be a sequence in P. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
-
(1)
is a c-sequence.
-
(2)
For each there exists such that for .
-
(3)
For each there exists such that for .
Proposition 3.3 Let P be a solid cone in a Banach algebra and let be a sequence in P. Suppose that is an arbitrarily given vector and is a c-sequence in P. Then is a c-sequence.
Proof Fix . Then also for all . Therefore, since is a c-sequence, it follows that, for each , there exists such that for all . Hence, for all we have . Now, since as , there exists such that for all . Hence, there exists such that, for all we have , that is, is a c-sequence. □
Proposition 3.4 Let be a Banach algebra with a unit e, P be a cone in and ⪯ be the semi-order generated by the cone P. The following assertions hold true:
-
(i)
For any , with , we have .
-
(ii)
For any sequences with () and () where , we have ().
Proposition 3.5 Let be a Banach algebra with a unit e, P be a cone in and ⪯ be the semi-order generated by the cone P. Let . If the spectral radius of λ is less than 1, then the following assertions hold true:
-
(i)
Suppose that x is invertible and that implies , then for any integer , we have .
-
(ii)
For any , we have , i.e., .
-
(iii)
If , then we have .
Proof (i) Since , by Proposition 2.1, we see the element is invertible. Considering
we have
which implies that
for all by induction. Therefore, the conclusion of (i) is true.
(ii) If it is not true, then there exists an element with such that
Hence it follows that
Then multiplying both sides with , it follows that , a contradiction.
-
(iii)
It is obvious. □
Remark 3.1 Proposition 3.5(ii) is the version of Lemma 2.1 in the setting of cone metric spaces over Banach algebras.
It is easy to show the following proposition by Definitions 2.1 and 3.1, so we omit its proof.
Proposition 3.6 Let be a complete cone metric space over a Banach algebra and let P be the underlying solid cone in Banach algebra . Let be a sequence in X. If converges to , then we have:
-
(i)
is a c-sequence.
-
(ii)
For any , is a c-sequence.
Now, we begin to present the version of the famous Banach contraction principle for generalized Lipschitz mappings in the setting of cone metric space over Banach algebra without the assumption of normality of the underlying solid cone.
Theorem 3.1 Let be a complete cone metric space over a Banach algebra and let P be the underlying solid cone with where . Suppose the mapping satisfies generalized Lipschitz condition:
Then T has a unique fixed point in X. For any , iterative sequence converges to the fixed point.
Proof Let be arbitrarily given and set , . We have
Thus, for , we have
By Lemma 2.3 and the fact that () (noting that by Remark 2.4, ()), it follows that, for any with , there exists such that, for any , we have
which implies that is a Cauchy sequence.
By the completeness of X, there exists such that (). Furthermore, one has
Therefore, it follows from Definition 3.1, Propositions 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.6 that we have where is a c-sequence in cone P. Hence, for each we have , so by Lemma 2.2. Thus is a fixed point of T.
Finally, we prove the uniqueness of the fixed point. The proof is as same as that in Theorem 2.1 in [15] since it actually does not require the assumption of normality of the underlying solid cone. □
In the following, we will present some other fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings in the setting of cone metric space over Banach algebra without the assumption of normality of the underlying solid cone. For convenience, let us give some basic results concerning spectral radius.
Lemma 3.1 Let be a Banach algebra and let x, y be vectors in . If x and y commute, then the following hold:
-
(i)
;
-
(ii)
;
-
(iii)
.
Lemma 3.2 Let be a Banach algebra and let be a sequence in . Suppose that converges to x in and that and x commute for all n, then we have as .
Proof It follows from Lemma 3.1 and Remark 2.1 that
which completes the proof. □
Lemma 3.3 Let be a Banach algebra and let k be a vector in . If , then we have .
Proof Since , it follows that
Hence, it follows from Lemmas 3.1 and 3.2 that
which completes the proof. □
Theorem 3.2 Let be a complete cone metric space over a Banach algebra and let P be the underlying solid cone with where . Suppose the mapping satisfies the generalized Lipschitz condition
Then T has a unique fixed point in X. And for any , iterative sequence converges to the fixed point.
Proof Let be arbitrarily given and set , . We have
That is,
We now prove that
In fact, noting that and k commute, by Lemma 3.3 above and the fact that , we have
Hence, by the proof of Theorem 3.1, we can easily see that the sequence is Cauchy.
By the completeness of X, there is such that (). To verify , we have
That is,
Hence, from the condition we get
Therefore, it follows from Definition 3.1, Propositions 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.6 that we have where is a c-sequence in cone P. Hence, for each we have , so by Lemma 2.2. Thus is a fixed point of T.
Now we prove the uniqueness of the fixed point. In fact, if is another fixed point, then
Thus
for any .
By Lemma 2.3 and the fact that () (noting that by the condition and Remark 2.4, ()), it follows that, for any with , there exists such that, for any , we have
which implies by Lemma 2.2 that , so , a contradiction. Hence, the fixed point is unique. □
Theorem 3.3 Let be a complete cone metric space over a Banach algebra and let P be the underlying solid cone with where . Suppose the mapping satisfies the generalized Lipschitz condition
Then T has a unique fixed point in X. And for any , iterative sequence converges to the fixed point.
Proof Let be arbitrarily given and set , . We have
That is,
As is shown in the proof of Theorem 3.2, is a Cauchy sequence, and, by the completeness of X, the limit of exists and is denoted by .
To see that is a fixed point of T, we have
So we get
Therefore, it follows from Definition 3.1, Propositions 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.6 that we have where is a c-sequence in cone P. Hence, for each we have , so by Lemma 2.2. Thus is a fixed point of T.
Finally, we prove the uniqueness of the fixed point. The proof is as same as that in Theorem 2.3 in [15] since it actually does not require the assumption of normality of the underlying solid cone. □
Remark 3.2 The method and technique to prove the inequality
in Theorems 3.2 and 3.3 in this paper are more simple than and different from those in Theorems 2.2 and 2.3 in [15].
We conclude the paper with two examples.
Example 3.1 Let be the same as that in Example 2.2. Then the set is a non-normal cone in .
Let . Define by , , , for all and for each and for all . We find that is a solid cone metric space over Banach algebra . Further, let be a mapping defined with , and let defined with . By careful calculations one sees that all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are fulfilled. The point is the unique fixed point of the map T.
Example 3.2 [15]
Let . For each , . The multiplication is defined by
Then is a Banach algebra with unit .
Let . Then P is normal with normal constant .
Let and the metric d be defined by
Then is a complete cone metric space over a Banach algebra .
Now define mapping by
where α can be any large positive real number. Then we have
where the spectral radius of satisfies . In addition, all the other conditions of Theorem 3.1 are fulfilled. By Theorem 3.1, T has a unique fixed point in X.
Remark 3.3 Since in Example 3.1 the underlying solid cone P in the Banach algebra is not normal, we can conclude that any of the theorems in [15] cannot cope with Example 3.1, which shows that the main results without the assumption of normality in this paper are meaningful.
Remark 3.4 In Example 3.2, we see that the main results in this paper are indeed more different than the standard results of cone metric spaces presented in the literature.
References
Huang L-G, Zhang X: Cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems of contractive mappings. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2007, 332: 1468–1476.
Rezapour S, Hamlbarani R: Some notes on the paper ‘Cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems of contractive mappings’. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2008, 345: 719–724.
Jiang S, Li Z: Extensions of Banach contraction principle to partial cone metric spaces over a non-normal solid cone. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 250
Abbas M, Rajić VĆ, Nazir T, Radenović S: Common fixed point of mappings satisfying rational inequalities in ordered complex valued generalized metric spaces. Afr. Math. 2013. 10.1007/s13370-013-0185-z
Al-Khaleel M, Al-Sharifa S, Khandaqji M: Fixed points for contraction mappings in generalized cone metric spaces. Jordan J. Math. Stat. 2012, 5(4):291–307.
Gajić L, Rakočević V: Quasi-contractions on a nonnormal cone metric space. Funct. Anal. Appl. 2012, 46(1):75–79.
Ilić D, Rakočević V: Quasi-contraction on a cone metric space. Appl. Math. Lett. 2009, 22(5):728–731.
Kadelburg Z, Radenović S, Rakočević V: Remarks on ‘Quasi-contraction on a cone metric space’. Appl. Math. Lett. 2009, 22(11):1674–1679.
Radenović S, Rhoades BE: Fixed point theorem for two non-self mappings in cone metric spaces. Comput. Math. Appl. 2009, 57: 1701–1707.
Janković S, Kadelburg Z, Radenović S: On the cone metric space: a survey. Nonlinear Anal. 2011, 74: 2591–2601.
Çakallı H, Sönmez A, Genç Ç: On an equivalence of topological vector space valued cone metric spaces and metric spaces. Appl. Math. Lett. 2012, 25: 429–433.
Du WS: A note on cone metric fixed point theory and its equivalence. Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 72(5):2259–2261.
Kadelburg Z, Radenović S, Rakočević V: A note on the equivalence of some metric and cone metric fixed point results. Appl. Math. Lett. 2011, 24: 370–374.
Feng Y, Mao W: The equivalence of cone metric spaces and metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory 2010, 11(2):259–264.
Liu H, Xu S: Cone metric spaces with Banach algebras and fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 320
Rudin W: Functional Analysis. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York; 1991.
Liu H, Xu S: Fixed point theorem of quasi-contractions on cone metric spaces with Banach algebras. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013., 2013: Article ID 187348
Kadelburg Z, Pavlović M, Radenović S: Common fixed point theorems for ordered contractions and quasi-contractions in ordered cone metric spaces. Comput. Math. Appl. 2010, 59: 3148–3159.
Kadelburg Z, Radenović S: A note on various types of cones and fixed point results in cone metric spaces. Asian J. Math. Appl. 2013., 2013: Article ID ama0104
Dordević M, Dorić D, Kadelburg Z, Radenović S, Spasić D: Fixed point results under c -distance in tvs-cone metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2011., 2011: Article ID 29 10.1186/1687-1812-2011-29
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the referees and the editors for valuable comments and suggestions, which have improved the original manuscript greatly. The research is partially supported by Doctoral Initial Foundation of Hanshan Normal University, China (No. QD20110920).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Both authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, S., Radenović, S. Fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings on cone metric spaces over Banach algebras without assumption of normality. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 102 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-102
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-102