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Fixed point results for single and set-valued α-η-ψ-contractive mappings

Abstract

Samet et al. (Nonlinear Anal. 75:2154-2165, 2012) introduced α-ψ-contractive mappings and proved some fixed point results for these mappings. More recently Salimi et al. (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013:151, 2013) modified the notion of α-ψ-contractive mappings and established certain fixed point theorems. Here, we continue to utilize these modified notions for single-valued Geraghty and Meir-Keeler-type contractions, as well as multi-valued contractive mappings. Presented theorems provide main results of Hussain et al. (J. Inequal. Appl. 2013:114, 2013), Karapinar et al. (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013:34, 2013) and Asl et al. (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2012:212, 2012) as corollaries. Moreover, some examples are given here to illustrate the usability of the obtained results.

MSC:46N40, 47H10, 54H25, 46T99.

Dedication

Dedicated to Professor Wataru Takahashi on the occasion of his seventieth birthday

1 Introduction and preliminaries

In metric fixed point theory, the contractive conditions on underlying functions play an important role for finding solution of fixed point problems. Banach contraction principle is a remarkable result in metric fixed point theory. Over the years, it has been generalized in different directions by several mathematicians (see [121]). In 2012, Samet et al. [15] introduced the concepts of α-ψ-contractive and α-admissible mappings and established various fixed point theorems for such mappings in complete metric spaces. Afterwards, Karapinar and Samet [13] generalized these notions to obtain fixed point results. More recently, Salimi et al. [14] modified the notions of α-ψ-contractive and α-admissible mappings and established fixed point theorems, which are proper generalizations of the recent results in [13, 15]. Here, we continue to utilize these modified notions for single-valued Geraghty and Meir-Keeler-type contractions, as well as multivalued contractive mappings. Presented theorems provide main results of Hussain et al. [9], Karapinar et al. [11] and Asl et al. [12] as corollaries. Moreover, some examples are given here to illustrate the usability of the obtained results.

Denote with Ψ the family of nondecreasing functions ψ:[0,+)[0,+) such that n = 1 ψ n (t)<+ for all t>0, where ψ n is the n th iterate of ψ.

The following lemma is obvious.

Lemma 1.1 If ψΨ, then ψ(t)<t for all t>0.

Samet et al. [15] defined the notion of α-admissible mappings as follows.

Definition 1.1 Let T be a self-mapping on X, and let α:X×X[0,+) be a function. We say that T is an α-admissible mapping if

x,yX,α(x,y)1α(Tx,Ty)1.

Theorem 1.1 [15]

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that

α(x,y)d(Tx,Ty)ψ ( d ( x , y ) )
(1.1)

for all x,yX, where ψΨ. Also, suppose that

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 )1;

  2. (ii)

    either T is continuous or for any sequence { x n } in X with α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0} and x n x as n+, we have α( x n ,x)1 for all nN{0}.

Then T has a fixed point.

Very recently Salimi et al. [14] modified the notions of α-admissible and α-ψ-contractive mappings as follows.

Definition 1.2 [14]

Let T be a self-mapping on X, and let α,η:X×X[0,+) be two functions. We say that T is an α-admissible mapping with respect to η if

x,yX,α(x,y)η(x,y)α(Tx,Ty)η(Tx,Ty).

Note that if we take η(x,y)=1, then this definition reduces to Definition 1.1. Also, if we take α(x,y)=1, then we say that T is η-subadmissible mapping.

The following result properly contains Theorem 1.1 and Theorems 2.3 and 2.4 of [13].

Theorem 1.2 [14]

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T be an α-admissible mapping with respect to η. Assume that

x,yX,α(x,y)η(x,y)d(Tx,Ty)ψ ( M ( x , y ) ) ,
(1.2)

where ψΨ and

M(x,y)=max { d ( x , y ) , d ( x , T x ) + d ( y , T y ) 2 , d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) 2 } .

Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,T x 0 )η( x 0 ,T x 0 );

  2. (ii)

    either T is continuous or for any sequence { x n } in X with α( x n , x n + 1 )η( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN{0} and x n x as n+, we have α( x n ,x)η( x n ,x) for all nN{0}.

Then T has a fixed point.

2 Modified α-η-Geraghty type contractions

Our first main result of this section is concerning α-η-Geraghty-type [4] contractions.

Theorem 2.1 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an α-admissible mapping with respect to η. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1) such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

x , y X , α ( x , f x ) α ( y , f y ) η ( x , f x ) η ( y , f y ) d ( f x , f y ) β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } } .
(2.1)

Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n , x n + 1 )η( x n , x n + 1 ) for all n, then α(x,fx)η(x,fx).

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )η( x 0 ,f x 0 ), then f has a fixed point.

Proof Let x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )η( x 0 ,f x 0 ). Define a sequence { x n } in X by x n = f n x 0 =f x n 1 for all nN. If x n + 1 = x n for some nN, then x= x n is a fixed point for f, and the result is proved. Hence, we suppose that x n + 1 x n for all nN. Since f is an α-admissible mapping with respect to η and α( x 0 ,f x 0 )η( x 0 ,f x 0 ), we deduce that α( x 1 , x 2 )=α(f x 0 , f 2 x 0 )η(f x 0 , f 2 x 0 )=η( x 1 , x 2 ). By continuing this process, we get α( x n ,f x n )η( x n ,f x n ) for all nN{0}. Then,

α( x n 1 ,f x n 1 )α( x n ,f x n )η( x n 1 ,f x n 1 )η( x n ,f x n ).

Now from (2.1), we have

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) β ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , min { d ( x n 1 , f x n 1 ) , d ( x n , f x n ) } } = β ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , min { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } } .

Now, if d( x n 1 , x n )<d( x n , x n + 1 ) for some nN, then

max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , min { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } } =d( x n 1 , x n ).

Also, if d( x n , x n + 1 )d( x n 1 , x n ) for some nN, then

max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , min { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } } =d( x n 1 , x n ).

That is, for all nN, we have

max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , min { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } } =d( x n 1 , x n ).

Hence,

d( x n , x n + 1 )β ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) d( x n 1 , x n )
(2.2)

for all nN, which implies that d( x n , x n + 1 )d( x n 1 , x n ). It follows that the sequence {d( x n , x n + 1 )} is decreasing. Thus, there exists d R + such that lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=d. We shall prove that d=0. From (2.2), we have

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) d ( x n 1 , x n ) β ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) 1,

which implies that lim n β(d( x n 1 , x n ))=1. Regarding the property of the function β, we conclude that

lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0.
(2.3)

Next, we shall prove that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Suppose, to the contrary, that { x n } is not a Cauchy sequence. Then there is ε>0 and sequences {m(k)} and {n(k)} such that for all positive integers k, we have

n(k)>m(k)>k,d( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) )εandd( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) 1 )<ε.

By the triangle inequality, we derive that

ε d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) 1 ) + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) ) < ε + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) )

kN. Taking the limit as k+ in the inequality above, and regarding the limit in (2.3), we get

lim k + d( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) )=ε.
(2.4)

Again, by the triangle inequality, we find that

d( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) )d( x m ( k ) , x m ( k ) + 1 )+d( x m ( k ) + 1 , x n ( k ) + 1 )+d( x n ( k ) + 1 , x n ( k ) )

and

d( x n ( k ) + 1 , x m ( k ) + 1 )d( x m ( k ) , x m ( k ) + 1 )+d( x m ( k ) , x n ( k ) )+d( x n ( k ) + 1 , x n ( k ) ).

Taking the limit in inequality above as k+, together with (2.3) and (2.4), we deduce that

lim k + d( x n ( k ) + 1 , x m ( k ) + 1 )=ε.
(2.5)

Now, since

α( x n ( k ) ,f x n ( k ) )α( x m ( k ) ,f x m ( k ) )η( x n ( k ) ,f x n ( k ) )η( x m ( k ) ,f x m ( k ) ),

then from (2.1), (2.4) and (2.5), we have

d ( x n ( k ) + 1 , x m ( k ) + 1 ) β ( d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) ) max { d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) , min { d ( x n ( k ) , f x n ( k ) ) , d ( x m ( k ) , f x m ( k ) ) } } = β ( d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) ) max { d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) , min { d ( x n ( k ) , x n ( k ) + 1 ) , d ( x m ( k ) , x m ( k ) + 1 ) } } .

Hence,

d ( x n ( k ) + 1 , x m ( k ) + 1 ) max { d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) , min { d ( x n ( k ) , x n ( k ) + 1 ) , d ( x m ( k ) , x m ( k ) + 1 ) } } β ( d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) ) 1.

Letting k in the inequality above, we get

lim n β ( d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) ) =1.

That is, lim k d( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) )=0, which is a contradiction. Hence { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is complete, then there is zX such that x n z. First, we suppose that f is continuous. Since f is continuous, then we have

fz= lim n f x n = lim n x n + 1 =z.

So z is a fixed point of f. Next, we suppose that (b) holds. Then, α(z,fz)η(z,fz), and so, α(z,fz)α( x n ,f x n )η(z,fz)η( x n ,f x n ). Now by (2.1), we have

d(fz, x n + 1 )β ( d ( z , x n ) ) max { d ( z , x n ) , min { d ( z , f z ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } } ,

and hence

d ( f z , z ) d ( f z , x n + 1 ) + d ( z , x n + 1 ) β ( d ( z , x n ) ) max { d ( z , x n ) , min { d ( z , f z ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } } + d ( z , x n + 1 ) .

Letting n in the inequality above, we get d(fz,z)=0, that is, z=fz. □

If in Theorem 2.1 we take, η(x,y)=1, then we have the following corollary.

Corollary 2.1 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

x , y X , α ( x , f x ) α ( y , f y ) 1 d ( f x , f y ) β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } } .

Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then α(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.2 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

( d ( f x , f y ) + ) α ( x , f x ) α ( y , f y ) β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } } +

for all x,yX, where >0. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then α(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.3 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

( α ( x , f x ) α ( y , f y ) + 1 ) d ( f x , f y ) 2 β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } }

for all x,yX. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then α(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.4 Let (X,d) be a metric space such that (X,d) is complete and f:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

α(x,fx)α(y,fy)d(fx,fy)β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } }

for all x,yX. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n ,f x n )1 for all n, then α(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Further, if in Theorem 2.1 we take α(x,y)=1, then we have the following corollary.

Corollary 2.5 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be a η-subadmissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

x , y X , η ( x , f x ) η ( y , f y ) 1 d ( f x , f y ) β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } } .

Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, η( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then η(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that η( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.6 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be a η-subadmissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

d(fx,fy)+ [ β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } } + ] η ( x , f x ) η ( y , f y )

for all x,yX, where >0. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, η( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then η(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that η( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.7 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be a η-subadmissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

2 d ( f x , f y ) ( η ( x , f x ) η ( y , f y ) + 1 ) β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } }

for all x,yX. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, η( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then η(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that η( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.8 Let (X,d) be a metric space such that (X,d) is complete, and let f:XX be η-subadmissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

d(fx,fy)η(x,fx)η(y,fy)β ( d ( x , y ) ) max { d ( x , y ) , min { d ( x , f x ) , d ( y , f y ) } }

for all x,yX. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, η( x n ,f x n )1 for all n, then η(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that η( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

From Corollary 2.1, we can deduce the following corollary.

Corollary 2.9 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

x,yX,α(x,fx)α(y,fy)1d(fx,fy)β ( d ( x , y ) ) d(x,y).

Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then α(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Also, from the corollary above, we can deduce the following corollaries.

Corollary 2.10 (Theorem 4 of [9])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

( d ( f x , f y ) + ) α ( x , f x ) α ( y , f y ) β ( d ( x , y ) ) d(x,y)+

for all x,yX, where 1. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then α(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.11 (Theorem 6 of [9])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

( α ( x , f x ) α ( y , f y ) + 1 ) d ( f x , f y ) 2 β ( d ( x , y ) ) d ( x , y )

for all x,yX. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, then α(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Corollary 2.12 (Theorem 8 of [9])

Let (X,d) be a metric space such that (X,d) is complete, and let f:XX be an α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists a function β:[0,)[0,1] such that for any bounded sequence { t n } of positive reals, β( t n )1 implies that t n 0 and

α(x,fx)α(y,fy)d(fx,fy)β ( d ( x , y ) ) d(x,y)

for all x,yX. Suppose that either

  1. (a)

    f is continuous, or

  2. (b)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that x n x, α( x n ,f x n )1 for all n, then α(x,fx)1.

If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Example 2.1 Let X=[0,) be endowed with the usual metric d(x,y)=|xy| for all x,yX, and let f:XX be defined by

fx={ 1 4 x if  x [ 0 , 1 ] , ln ( x 2 + x + 3 ) if  x ( 1 , ) .

Define also α:X×X[0,+) and ψ:[0,)[0,) by

α(x,y)={ 6 if  x , y [ 0 , 1 ] , 0 otherwise andβ(t)= 1 2 .

We prove that Corollary 2.9 can be applied to f, but Corollaries 2.10, 2.11 and 2.12 (Theorem 4, 6 and 8 of [9]) cannot be applied to f.

Clearly, (X,d) is a complete metric space. We show that f is an α-admissible mapping. Let x,yX with α(x,y)1, then x,y[0,1]. On the other hand, for all x[0,1], we have fx1. It follows that α(fx,fy)1. Hence, the assertion holds. Also, α(0,f0)1. Now, if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0} and x n x as n+, then { x n }[0,1], and hence x[0,1]. This implies that α( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Let α(x,y)1. Then x,y[0,1]. We get,

d(fx,fy)=|fyfx|= | 1 4 x 1 4 y | = 1 4 |xy| 1 2 |xy|=β ( d ( x , y ) ) d(x,y).

That is,

α(x,y)1d(fx,fy)β ( d ( x , y ) ) d(x,y),

then the conditions of Corollary 2.1 hold, and f has a fixed point.

Let x=0, y=1, and let =1, then

( d ( f 0 , f 1 ) + 1 ) α ( 0 , f 0 ) α ( 1 , f 1 ) = ( 1 / 4 + 1 ) 36 >1/2+1=β ( d ( 0 , 1 ) ) d(0,1)+1.

That is, Corollary 2.10 (Theorem 4 of [9]) cannot be applied for this example.

Let, x=0, and let y=1, then

( α ( 0 , f 0 ) α ( 1 , f 1 ) + 1 ) d ( f 0 , f 1 ) = 37 4 > 2 = 2 β ( d ( 0 , 1 ) ) d ( 0 , 1 ) .

That is, Corollary 2.11 (Theorem 6 of [9]) cannot be applied for this example.

Let, x=0, and let y=1, then

α(0,f0)α(1,f1)d(f0,f1)=9>1/2=β ( d ( 0 , 1 ) ) d(0,1).

That is, Corollary 2.12 (Theorem 8 of [9]) cannot be applied for this example.

3 Modified α-ψ-Meir-Keeler contractive mappings

Recently, Karapinar et al. [11] introduced the notion of a triangular α-admissible mapping as follows.

Definition 3.1 [11]

Let f:XX, and let α:X×X(,+). We say that f is a triangular α-admissible mapping if

  1. (T1)

    α(x,y)1 implies that α(fx,fy)1, x,yX;

  2. (T2)

    { α ( x , z ) 1 , α ( z , y ) 1 implies that α(x,y)1.

Lemma 3.1 [11]

Let f be a triangular α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1. Define sequence { x n } by x n = f n x 0 . Then

α( x m , x n )1for all m,nN with m<n.

Denote with Ψ the family of nondecreasing functions ψ:[0,+)[0,+) continuous at t=0 such that

  • ψ(t)=0 if and only if t=0,

  • ψ(t+s)ψ(t)+ψ(s).

Definition 3.2 [11]

Let (X,d) be a metric space, and let ψΨ. Suppose that f:XX is a triangular α-admissible mapping satisfying the following condition:

for each ε>0 there exists δ>0 such that

εψ ( d ( x , y ) ) <ε+δimplies thatα(x,y)ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) <ε
(3.1)

for all x,yX. Then f is called an α-ψ-Meir-Keeler contractive mapping.

Now, we modify Definition 3.2 as follows.

Definition 3.3 Let (X,d) be a metric space, and let ψΨ. Suppose that f:XX is a triangular α-admissible mapping satisfying the following condition:

for each ε>0 there exists δ>0 such that

εψ ( d ( x , y ) ) <ε+δimplies thatψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) <ε
(3.2)

for all x,yX with α(x,y)1. Then f is called a modified α-ψ-Meir-Keeler contractive mapping.

Remark 3.1 Let f be a modified α-ψ-Meir-Keeler contractive mapping. Then

ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) <ψ ( d ( x , y ) )

for all x,yX when xy and α(x,y)1. Also, if x=y and α(x,y)1, then d(fx,fy)=0, i.e.,

ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) .

Theorem 3.1 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space. Suppose that f is a continuous modified α-ψ-Meir-Keeler contractive mapping, and that there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Proof Let x 0 X and define a sequence { x n } by x n = f n x 0 for all nN. If x n 0 = x n 0 + 1 for some n 0 N{0}, then, obviously, f has a fixed point. Hence, we suppose that

x n x n + 1
(3.3)

for all nN{0}. We have d( x n , x n + 1 )>0 for all nN{0}. Now, define s n =ψ(d( x n , x n + 1 )). By Remark 3.1, we deduce that for all nN{0} ψ(d( x n + 1 , x n + 2 ))=ψ(d(f x n ,f x n + 1 ))<ψ(d( x n , x n + 1 )). By applying Lemma 3.1 for

α( x m , x n )1for all m,nN with m<n,

we have

ψ ( d ( x n + 1 , x n + 2 ) ) <ψ ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) .

Hence, the sequence { s n } is decreasing in R + , and so, it is convergent to s R + . We will show that s=0. Suppose, to the contrary, that s>0. Note that

0<s<ψ ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) for all nN{0}.
(3.4)

Let ε=s>0. Then by hypothesis, there exists a δ(ε)>0 such that (3.2) holds. On the other hand, by the definition of ε, there exists n 0 N such that

ε< s n 0 =ψ ( d ( x n 0 , x n 0 + 1 ) ) <ε+δ.

Now by (3.2), we have

s n 0 + 1 =ψ ( d ( x n 0 + 1 , x n 0 + 2 ) ) ψ ( d ( f x n 0 , f x n 0 + 1 ) ) <ε=s,

which is a contradiction. Hence s=0, that is, lim n + s n =0. Now, by the continuity of ψ at t=0, we have lim n + d( x n , x n + 1 )=0. For given ε>0, by the hypothesis, there exists a δ=δ(ε)>0 such that (3.2) holds. Without loss of generality, we assume that δ<ε. Since s=0, then there exists NN such that

s n 1 =ψ ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) <δfor all nN.
(3.5)

We will prove that for any fixed k N 0 ,

ψ ( d ( x k , x k + l ) ) εfor all lN,
(3.6)

holds. Note that (3.6) holds for l=1 by (3.5). Suppose that condition (3.2) is satisfied for some mN. For l=m+1, by (3.5), we get

ψ ( d ( x k 1 , x k + m ) ) ψ ( d ( x k 1 , x k ) + d ( x k , x k + m ) ) ψ ( d ( x k 1 , x k ) ) + ψ ( d ( x k , x k + m ) ) < ε + δ .
(3.7)

If ψ(d( x k 1 , x k + m ))ε, then by (3.2), we get

ψ ( d ( x k , x k + m + 1 ) ) =ψ ( d ( f x k 1 , f x k + m ) ) <ε,

and hence (3.6) holds.

If ψ(d( x k 1 , x k + m ))<ε, by Remark 3.1, we get

ψ ( d ( x k , x k + m + 1 ) ) ψ ( d ( x k 1 , x k + m ) ) <ε.

Consequently, (3.6) holds for l=m+1. Hence, ψ(d( x k , x k + l ))ε for all k N 0 and l1, which means

d( x n , x m )<εfor all mn N 0 .
(3.8)

Hence { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since (X,d) is complete, there exists zX such that x n z as n. Now, since f is continuous, then

fz=f ( lim n x n ) = lim n x n + 1 =z,

that is, f has a fixed point. □

Corollary 3.1 (Theorem 10 of [11])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space. Suppose that f is a continuous α-ψ-Meir-Keeler contractive mapping, and that there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Proof Let εψ(d(x,y))<ε+δ, where α(x,y)1. Then by εψ(d(x,y))<ε+δ and Definition 3.2, we deduce that α(x,y)ψ(d(fx,fy))<ε. On the other hand, since α(x,y)1, then we have

ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) α(x,y)ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) <ε.

That is, conditions of Theorem 3.1 hold, and f has a fixed point. □

Theorem 3.2 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f be a modified α-ψ-Meir-Keeler contractive mapping. If the following conditions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1,

  2. (ii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, and x n x as n+, then α( x n ,x)1 for all n.

Then f has a fixed point.

Proof Following the proof of Theorem 3.1, we say that α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0}, and that there exist zX such that x n z as n+. Hence, from (ii) α( x n ,z)1. By Remark 3.1, we have

ψ ( d ( f z , z ) ) ψ ( d ( f z , f x n ) + d ( f x n , z ) ) ψ ( d ( f z , f x n ) ) + ψ ( d ( f x n , z ) ) ψ ( d ( z , x n ) ) + ψ ( d ( x n + 1 , z ) ) .

By taking limit as n+, in the inequality above, we get ψ(d(fz,z))0, that is, d(fz,z)=0. Hence fz=z. □

Corollary 3.2 (Theorem 11 of [11])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f be a α-ψ-Meir-Keeler contractive mapping. If the following conditions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1,

  2. (ii)

    if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all n, and x n x as n+, then α( x n ,x)1 for all n.

Then f has a fixed point.

Example 3.1 Let X=[0,), and let d(x,y)=|xy| be a metric on X. Define f:XX by

fx={ x 5 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] , x x 2 + 1 x ( 1 , ) , andα(x,y)={ 10 if  x , y [ 0 , 1 ] , 2 otherwise ,

and ψ(t)= 1 4 t. Clearly, (X,d) is a complete metric space. We show that f is a triangular α-admissible mapping. Let x,yX, if α(x,y)1, then x,y[0,1]. On the other hand, for all x,y[0,1], we have fx1 and fy1. It follows that α(fx,fy)1. Also, if α(x,z)1 and α(z,y)1, then x,y,z[0,1], and hence, α(x,y)1. Thus the assertion holds by the same arguments. Notice that α(0,f0)1.

Now, if { x n } is a sequence in X such that α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN{0}, and x n x as n+, then { x n }[0,1], and hence x[0,1]. This implies that α( x n ,x)1 for all nN{0}. Let α(x,y)1, then x,y[0,1]. Without loss of generality, take xy. Then

ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) = y 20 x 20 , ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) = y 4 x 4 .

Clearly, by taking δ=4ε, the condition (3.2) holds. Hence, conditions of Theorem 3.2 hold, and f has a fixed point. But if x,y[0,1] and

εd(x,y)<ε+δ,

where ε>0 and δ>0. Then

α(x,y)d(fx,fy)=2|xy|=2d(x,y)2ε.

That is, Corollary 3.2 (Theorem 11 of [11]) cannot be applied for this example.

Denote with Ψ st the family of strictly nondecreasing functions ψ st :[0,+)[0,+) continuous at t=0 such that

  • ψ st (t)=0 if and only if t=0,

  • ψ st (t+s) ψ st (t)+ ψ st (s).

Definition 3.4 [11]

Let (X,d) be a metric space, and let ψ st Ψ st . Suppose that f:XX is a triangular α-admissible mapping satisfying the following condition:

for each ε>0, there exists δ>0 such that

ε ψ st ( M ( x , y ) ) <ε+δimplies thatα(x,y) ψ st ( d ( f x , f y ) ) <ε
(3.9)

for all x,yX, where

M(x,y)=max { d ( x , y ) , d ( f x , x ) , d ( f y , y ) , 1 2 [ d ( f x , y ) + d ( x , f y ) ] } .

Then f is called a generalized α- ψ st -Meir-Keeler contractive mapping.

Definition 3.5 Let (X,d) be a metric space, and let ψ st Ψ st . Suppose that f:XX is a triangular α-admissible mapping satisfying the following condition:

for each ε>0 there exists δ>0 such that

ε ψ st ( M ( x , y ) ) <ε+δimplies that ψ st ( d ( f x , f y ) ) <ε
(3.10)

for all x,yX, where α(x,y)1 and

M(x,y)=max { d ( x , y ) , d ( f x , x ) , d ( f y , y ) , 1 2 [ d ( f x , y ) + d ( x , f y ) ] } .

Then f is called a modified generalized α- ψ st -Meir-Keeler contractive mapping.

Remark 3.2 Let f be a modified generalized α- ψ st -Meir-Keeler contractive mapping. Then

ψ st ( d ( f x , f y ) ) < ψ st ( M ( x , y ) )

for all x,yX, where α(x,y)1 when M(x,y)>0. Also, if M(x,y)=0 and α(x,y)1, then x=y, which implies that ψ(d(fx,fy))=0, i.e.,

ψ st ( d ( f x , f y ) ) ψ st ( M ( x , y ) ) .

Proposition 3.1 Let (X,d) be a metric space, and let f:XX be a modified generalized α- ψ st -Meir-Keeler contractive mapping. If there exists x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then lim n d( f n + 1 x 0 , f n x 0 )=0.

Proof Define a sequence { x n } by x n = f n x 0 for all nN. If x n 0 = x n 0 + 1 for some n 0 N{0}, then, obviously, the conclusion holds. Hence, we suppose that

x n x n + 1
(3.11)

for all nN{0}. Then we have M( x n + 1 , x n )>0 for every n0. Then by Lemma 3.1 and Remark 3.2, we have

ψ st ( d ( x n + 1 , x n + 2 ) ) = ψ st ( d ( f x n , f x n + 1 ) ) < ψ st ( M ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) = ψ st ( max { d ( x n , x n + 1 ) , d ( f x n , x n ) , d ( f x n + 1 , x n + 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( f x n , x n + 1 ) + d ( x n , f x n + 1 ) ] } ) ψ st ( max { d ( x n , x n + 1 ) , d ( x n + 1 , x n + 2 ) } ) .

Now, since ψ st is strictly nondecreasing, then we get

d( x n + 2 , x n + 1 )<max { d ( x n + 1 , x n ) , d ( x n + 2 , x n + 1 ) } .

Hence the case, where

max { d ( x n + 1 , x n ) , d ( x n + 2 , x n + 1 ) } =d( x n + 2 , x n + 1 ),

is not possible. Therefore, we deduce that

d( x n + 2 , x n + 1 )<d( x n + 1 , x n )
(3.12)

for all n. That is, { d ( x n + 1 , x n ) } n = 0 is a decreasing sequence in R + , and it converges to ε R + , that is,

lim n ψ st ( d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ) = lim n ψ st ( M ( x n + 1 , x n ) ) = ψ st (ε).
(3.13)

Notice that ε=inf{d( x n , x n + 1 ):nN}. Let us prove that ε=0. Suppose, to the contrary, that ε>0. Then ψ(ε)>0. Considering (3.13) together with the assumption that f is a generalized α- ψ st -Meir-Keeler contractive mapping, for ψ st (ε), there exists δ>0 and a natural number m such that

ψ st (ε) ψ st ( M ( x m , x m + 1 ) ) < ψ st (ε)+δ

implies that

ψ st ( d ( x m + 1 , x m + 2 ) ) = ψ st ( d ( f x m , f x m + 1 ) ) < ψ st (ε).

Now, since ψ st is strictly nondecreasing, then we get

d( x m + 2 , x m + 1 )<ε,

which is a contradiction, since ε=inf{d( x n , x n + 1 ):nN}. Then ε=0, and so,

lim n d( x n + 1 , x n )=0.

 □

Theorem 3.3 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an orbitally continuous modified generalized α- ψ st -Meir-Keeler contractive mapping. If there exist x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Proof Define x n + 1 = f n + 1 x 0 for all n0. We want to prove that lim m , n d( x n , x m )=0. If this is not so, then there exist ε>0 and a subsequence { x n ( i ) } of { x n } such that

d( x n ( i ) , x n ( i + 1 ) )>2ε.
(3.14)

For this ε>0, there exists δ>0 such that ε ψ st (M(x,y))<ε+δ implies that α(x,y) ψ st (d(fx,fy))<ε. Put r=min{ε,δ} and s n =d( x n , x n + 1 ) for all n1. From Proposition 3.1, there exists n 0 such that

s n =d( x n , x n + 1 )< r 4
(3.15)

for all n n 0 . Let n(i)> n 0 . We get n(i)n(i+1)1. If d( x n ( i ) , x n ( i + 1 ) 1 )ε+ r 2 , then

d ( x n ( i ) , x n ( i + 1 ) ) d ( x n ( i ) , x n ( i + 1 ) 1 ) + d ( x n ( i + 1 ) 1 , x n ( i + 1 ) ) d ( x n ( i ) , x n ( i + 1 ) 1 ) + d ( x n ( i + 1 ) 1 , x n ( i + 1 ) ) < ε + r 2 + s n ( i + 1 ) 1 < ε + 3 r 4 < 2 ε ,

which contradicts the assumption (3.14). Therefore, there are values of k such that n(i)kn(i+1) and d( x n ( i ) , x k )>ε+ r 2 . Now if d( x n ( i ) , x n ( i ) + 1 )ε+ r 2 , then

s n ( i ) =d( x n ( i ) , x n ( i ) + 1 )ε+ r 2 >r+ r 2 > r 4 ,

which is a contradiction to (3.15). Hence, there are values of k with n(i)kn(i+1) such that d( x n ( i ) , x k )<ε+ r 2 . Choose the smallest integer k with kn(i) such that d( x n ( i ) , x k )ε+ r 2 . Thus, d( x n ( i ) , x k 1 )<ε+ r 2 , and so,

d ( x n ( i ) , x k ) d ( x n ( i ) , x k 1 ) + d ( x k 1 , x k ) d ( x n ( i ) , x k 1 ) + d ( x k 1 , x k ) < ε + r 2 + r 4 = ε + 3 r 4 .

Now, we can choose a natural number k satisfying n(i)kn(i+1) such that

ε+ r 2 d( x n ( i ) , x k )<ε+ 3 r 4 .
(3.16)

Therefore, we obtain

d( x n ( i ) , x k )<ε+ 3 r 4 <ε+r,
(3.17)
d( x n ( i ) , x n ( i ) + 1 )= d n ( i ) < r 4 <ε+r,
(3.18)

and

d( x k , x k + 1 )= d k < r 4 <ε+r.
(3.19)

Thus, we have

1 2 [ d ( x n ( i ) , x k + 1 ) + d ( x n ( i ) + 1 , x k ) ] 1 2 [ d ( x n ( i ) , x k ) + d ( x k , x k + 1 ) + d ( x n ( i ) + 1 , x n ( i ) ) + d ( x n ( i ) , x k ) ] 1 2 [ d ( x n ( i ) , x k ) + d ( x k , x k + 1 ) + d ( x n ( i ) + 1 , x n ( i ) ) + d ( x n ( i ) , x k ) ] = d ( x n ( i ) , x k ) + 1 2 [ s k + s n ( i ) ] < ε + 3 r 4 + 1 2 [ r 4 + r 4 ] = ε + r .
(3.20)

Now, inequalities (3.17)-(3.20) imply that M( x n ( i ) , x k )<ε+rε+δ, and so, ψ st (M( x n ( i ) , x k ))< ψ st (ε+δ) ψ st (ε)+ ψ st (δ); the fact that f is a modified generalized α- ψ st -Meir-Keeler contractive mapping yields that

ψ st ( d ( x n ( i ) + 1 , x k + 1 ) ) < ψ st (ε).

Then d( x n ( i ) + 1 , x k + 1 )<ε. We deduce

d ( f n ( i ) x 0 , f k x 0 ) d ( f n ( i ) x 0 , f n ( i ) + 1 x 0 ) + d ( f n ( i ) + 1 x 0 , f k x 0 ) d ( f n ( i ) x 0 , f n ( i ) + 1 x 0 ) + d ( f n ( i ) + 1 x 0 , f k x 0 ) d ( f n ( i ) x 0 , f n ( i ) + 1 x 0 ) + d ( f n ( i ) + 1 x 0 , f k + 1 x 0 ) + d ( f k + 1 x 0 , f k x 0 ) .

From (3.16), (3.18) and (3.19), we obtain

d ( x n ( i ) + 1 , x k + 1 ) d ( x n ( i ) , x k ) d ( x n ( i ) , x n ( i ) + 1 ) d ( x k , x k + 1 ) > ε + r 2 r 4 r 4 = ε ,

which is a contradiction. We obtained that lim m , n d( x n , x m )=0, and so, { x n = f n x 0 } is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is complete, then there exists zX such that f n x 0 z as n. As f is orbitally continuous, so z=fz. □

Corollary 3.3 (Theorem 17 of [11])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let f:XX be an orbitally continuous generalized α- ψ st -Meir-Keeler contractive mapping. If there exist x 0 X such that α( x 0 ,f x 0 )1, then f has a fixed point.

Example 3.2 Let X=[0,), and let d(x,y)=|xy| be a metric on X. Define f:XX by

fx={ x 7 if  x [ 0 , 1 ] , x x 3 + 6 x ( 1 , )

and ψ st (t)= 1 2 t,

α(x,y)={ 28 if  x , y [ 0 , 1 ] , 8 otherwise .

Clearly, f is a triangular α-admissible mapping, and it is orbitally continuous. Let α(x,y)1, then x,y[0,1]. Without loss of generality, take xy. Then

ψ st ( d ( f x , f y ) ) = y 14 x 14 , ψ st ( M ( x , y ) ) = ψ st ( max { y x , 6 7 y , x y 7 , y x 7 } ) ψ st ( M ( x , y ) ) = max { y 2 x 2 , 6 14 y , x 2 y 14 , y 2 x 14 } .

Clearly, by taking δ=6ε, the condition (3.10) holds. Hence, all conditions of Theorem 3.3 are satisfied, and f has a fixed point. But if x=0 and y=1

εM(0,1)<δ+ε

for δ>0 and ε>0, then

ε1<δ+ε,

and so,

α(0,1) ψ st ( d ( f 0 , f 1 ) ) =21ε.

That is, Corollary 3.3 (Theorem 17 of [11]) cannot be applied for this example.

4 Modified α-η-contractive multifunction

Recently, Asl et al. [12] introduced the following notion.

Definition 4.1 Let T:X 2 X , and let α:X×X R + . We say that T is an α -admissible mapping if

α(x,y)1implies that α (Tx,Ty)1,x,yX,

where

α (A,B)= inf x A , y B α(x,y).

We generalize this concept as follows.

Definition 4.2 Let T:X 2 X be a multifunction, and let α,η:X×X R + be two functions, where η is bounded. We say that T is an α -admissible mapping with respect to η if

α(x,y)η(x,y)implies that α (Tx,Ty) η (Tx,Ty),x,yX,

where

α (A,B)= inf x A , y B α(x,y)and η (A,B)= sup x A , y B η(x,y).

If we take η(x,y)=1 for all x,yX, then this definition reduces to Definition 4.1. In case α(x,y)=1 for all x,yX, then T is called an η -subadmissible mapping.

Notice that Ψ is the family of nondecreasing functions ψ:[0,+)[0,+) such that n = 1 ψ n (t)<+ for all t>0, where ψ n is the n th iterate of ψ.

As an application of our new concept, we develop now a fixed point result for a multifunction, which generalizes Theorem 1.1.

Theorem 4.1 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an α -admissible, with respect to η, and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that for ψΨ,

x,yX, α (Tx,Ty) η (Tx,Ty)H(Tx,Ty)ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) .
(4.1)

Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exist x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that α( x 0 , x 1 )η( x 0 , x 1 );

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and α( x n , x n + 1 )η( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN, we have α( x n ,x)η( x n ,x) for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

Proof Let x 1 T x 0 be such that α( x 0 , x 1 )η( x 0 , x 1 ). Since T is an α -admissible mapping, then α (T x 0 ,T x 1 ) η (T x 0 ,T x 1 ). Therefore, from (4.1), we have

H(T x 0 ,T x 1 )ψ ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) .
(4.2)

If x 0 = x 1 , then x 0 is a fixed point of T. Hence, we assume that x 0 x 1 . Also, if x 1 T x 1 , then x 1 is a fixed point of T. Assume that x 1 T x 1 and q>1. Then we have

0<d( x 1 ,T x 1 )H(T x 0 ,T x 1 )<qH(T x 0 ,T x 1 ),

and so, by (4.2), we get

0<d( x 1 ,T x 1 )<qH(T x 0 ,T x 1 )qψ ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) .

This implies that there exists x 2 T x 1 such that

0<d( x 1 , x 2 )<qH(T x 0 ,T x 1 )qψ ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) .
(4.3)

Note that x 1 x 2 (since x 1 T x 1 ). Also, since α (T x 0 ,T x 1 ) η (T x 0 ,T x 1 ), x 1 T x 0 and x 2 T x 1 , then α( x 1 , x 2 )η( x 1 , x 2 ). So α (T x 1 ,T x 2 ) η (T x 1 ,T x 2 ). Therefore, from (4.1), we have

H(T x 1 ,T x 2 )ψ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) .
(4.4)

Put t 0 =d( x 0 , x 1 ). Then from (4.3), we have d( x 1 , x 2 )<qψ( t 0 ), where t 0 >0. Now, since ψ is strictly increasing, then ψ(d( x 1 , x 2 ))<ψ(qψ( t 0 )). Put

q 1 = ψ ( q ψ ( t 0 ) ) ψ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) ,

and so q 1 >1. If x 2 T x 2 , then x 2 is a fixed point of T. Hence, we suppose that x 2 T x 2 . Then

0<d( x 2 ,T x 2 )H(T x 1 ,T x 2 )< q 1 H(T x 1 ,T x 2 ).

So there exists x 3 T x 2 such that

0<d( x 2 , x 3 )< q 1 H(T x 1 ,T x 2 ),

and then from (4.4), we get

0<d( x 2 , x 3 )< q 1 H(T x 1 ,T x 2 ) q 1 ψ ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) =ψ ( q ψ ( t 0 ) ) .

Again, since ψ is strictly increasing, then ψ(d( x 2 , x 3 ))<ψ(ψ(qψ( t 0 ))). Put

q 2 = ψ ( ψ ( q ψ ( t 0 ) ) ) ψ ( d ( x 2 , x 3 ) ) .

So, q 2 >1. If x 3 T x 3 , then x 3 is a fixed point of T. Hence, we assume that x 3 T x 3 . Then

0<d( x 3 ,T x 3 )H(T x 2 ,T x 3 )< q 2 H(T x 2 ,T x 3 ),

and so, there exists x 4 T x 3 such that

0<d( x 3 , x 4 )H(T x 2 ,T x 3 )< q 2 H(T x 2 ,T x 3 ).
(4.5)

Clearly, x 2 x 3 . Also again, since α (T x 1 ,T x 2 ) η (T x 1 ,T x 2 ), x 2 T x 1 and x 3 T x 2 , then α( x 2 , x 3 )η( x 2 , x 3 ), and so, α (T x 2 ,T x 3 ) η (T x 2 ,T x 3 ). Then from (4.1), we have

H(T x 2 ,T x 3 )ψ ( d ( x 2 , x 3 ) ) ,

and so, from (4.5), we deduce that

d( x 3 , x 4 )< q 2 H(T x 2 ,T x 3 ) q 2 ψ ( d ( x 2 , x 3 ) ) =ψ ( ψ ( q ψ ( t 0 ) ) ) .

By continuing this process, we obtain a sequence { x n } in X such that x n T x n 1 , x n x n 1 , α ( x n , x n + 1 ) η ( x n , x n + 1 ) and d( x n , x n + 1 ) ψ n 1 (qψ( t 0 )) for all nN. Now, for all m>n, we can write

d( x n , x m ) k = n m 1 d( x k , x k + 1 ) k = n m 1 ψ k 1 ( q ψ ( t 0 ) ) .

Therefore, { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since (X,d) is a complete metric space, then there exists zX such that x n z as n. Now, since α( x n ,z)η( x n ,z) for all nN, then α (T x n ,Tz) η (T x n ,Tz), and so, from (4.1), we have

d(z,Tz)H(T x n ,Tz)+d( x n ,z)ψ ( d ( x n , z ) ) +d( x n ,z)

for all nN. Taking limit as n in the inequality above, we get d(z,Tz)=0, i.e., zTz. □

If in Theorem 4.1 we take η(x,y)=1, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 4.1 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an α -admissible and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that

x,yX, α (Tx,Ty)1H(Tx,Ty)ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) .

Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that α( x 0 , x 1 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN, we have α( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

If in Theorem 4.1 we take α(x,y)=1, then we have the following result.

Corollary 4.2 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an η -subadmissible and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that

x,yX, η (Tx,Ty)1H(Tx,Ty)ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) .

Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that η( x 0 , x 1 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and η( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN, we have η( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

Corollary 4.3 (Theorem 2.1 and 2.3 of [12])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an α -admissible and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that

α (Tx,Ty)H(Tx,Ty)ψ ( d ( x , y ) )
(4.6)

for all x,yX. Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that α( x 0 , x 1 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN, we have α( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

Proof Suppose that α (Tx,Ty)1 for x,yX. Then by (4.6), we have

H(Tx,Ty)ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) .

That is, conditions of Corollary 4.1 hold, and T has a fixed point. □

Similarly, we can deduce the following corollaries.

Corollary 4.4 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an α -admissible and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that

( α ( T x , T y ) + 1 ) H ( T x , T y ) 2 ψ ( d ( x , y ) )

for all x,yX. Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that α( x 0 , x 1 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN, we have α( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

Corollary 4.5 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an α -admissible and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that

( H ( T x , T y ) + ) α ( T x , T y ) ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) +

for all x,yX, where >0. Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that α( x 0 , x 1 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and α( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN, we have α( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

Corollary 4.6 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an η -subadmissible and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that

H(Tx,Ty) η (Tx,Ty)ψ ( d ( x , y ) )

for all x,yX. Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that η( x 0 , x 1 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and η( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN, we have η( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

Corollary 4.7 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an η -subadmissible and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that

2 H ( T x , T y ) ( η ( T x , T y ) + 1 ) ψ ( d ( x , y ) )

for all x,yX. Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that η( x 0 , x 1 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and η( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN, we have η( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

Corollary 4.8 Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X 2 X be an α -admissible and closed-valued multifunction on X. Assume that

H(Tx,Ty)+ ( ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) + ) η ( T x , T y )

for all x,yX, where >0. Also, suppose that the following assertions hold:

  1. (i)

    there exists x 0 X and x 1 T x 0 such that η( x 0 , x 1 )1;

  2. (ii)

    for a sequence { x n }X converging to xX and η( x n , x n + 1 )1 for all nN, we have η( x n ,x)1 for all nN.

Then T has a fixed point.

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Acknowledgements

This article was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Therefore, the first and third authors acknowledge with thanks DSR, KAU for the financial support.

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Hussain, N., Salimi, P. & Latif, A. Fixed point results for single and set-valued α-η-ψ-contractive mappings. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2013, 212 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-212

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