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Coupled coincidence and common fixed point theorems for hybrid pair of mappings

Abstract

Bhaskar and Lakshimkantham proved the existence of coupled fixed point for a single valued mapping under weak contractive conditions and as an application they proved the existence of a unique solution of a boundary value problem associated with a first order ordinary differential equation. Recently, Lakshmikantham and Ćirić obtained a coupled coincidence and coupled common fixed point of two single valued maps. In this article, we extend these concepts to multi-valued mappings and obtain coupled coincidence points and common coupled fixed point theorems involving hybrid pair of single valued and multi-valued maps satisfying generalized contractive conditions in the frame work of a complete metric space. Two examples are presented to support our results.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47H10; 47H04; 47H07.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

Let (X, d) be a metric space. For x X and A X, we denote d(x, A) = inf{d(x, A): y A}. The class of all nonempty bounded and closed subsets of X is denoted by CB(X). Let H be the Hausdorff metric induced by the metric d on X, that is,

H ( A , B ) = max { sup x A d ( x , B ) , sup y B d ( y , A ) } ,

for every A, B CB(X).

Lemma 1 [1] Let A, B CB(X), and α > 1. Then, for every a A, there exists b B such that d(a, b) ≤ αH(A, B).

Lemma 2 [2] Let A, B CB(X), then for any a A, d(a, B) ≤ H(A, B).

Definition 3 Let X be a nonempty set, F : X × X → 2X (collection of all nonempty subsets of X) and g : XX. An element (x, y) X ×X is called (i) coupled fixed point of F if × F(x, y) and y F(y, x) (ii) coupled coincidence point of a hybrid pair {F, g} if g(x) F(x, y) and g(y) F(y, x) (iii) coupled common fixed point of a hybrid pair {F, g} if × = g(x) F(x, y) and y = g(y) F(y, x).

We denote the set of coupled coincidence point of mappings F and g by C(F, g). Note that if (x, y) C(F, g), then (y, x) is also in C(F, g).

Definition 4 Let F : X × X → 2X be a multi-valued mapping and g be a self map on X. The hybrid pair {F, g} is called w- compatible if g(F(x, y)) F(gx, gy) whenever (x, y) C(F, g).

Definition 5 Let F : X × X → 2X be a multi-valued mapping and g be a self-mapping on X. The mapping g is called F- weakly commuting at some point (x, y) X × X if g2(x) F(gx, gy) and g2(y) F(gy, gx).

Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [3] introduced the concept of coupled fixed point of a mapping F from X ×X to X and established some coupled fixed point theorems in partially ordered sets. As an application, they studied the existence and uniqueness of solution for a periodic boundary value problem associated with a first order ordinary differential equation. Ćirić et al. [4] proved coupled common fixed point theorems for mappings satisfying nonlinear contractive conditions in partially ordered complete metric spaces and generalized the results given in [3]. Sabetghadam et al. [5] employed these concepts to obtain coupled fixed point in the frame work of cone metric spaces. Lakshmikantham and Ćirić [4] introduced the concepts of coupled coincidence and coupled common fixed point for mappings satisfying nonlinear contractive conditions in partially ordered complete metric spaces. The study of fixed points for multi-valued contractions mappings using the Hausdorff metric was initiated by Nadler [1] and Markin [6]. Later, an interesting and rich fixed point theory for such maps was developed which has found applications in control theory, convex optimization, differential inclusion and economics (see [7] and references therein). Klim and Wardowski [8] also obtained existence of fixed point for set-valued contractions in complete metric spaces. Dhage [9, 10] established hybrid fixed point theorems and gave some applications (see also [11]). Hong in his recent study [12] proved hybrid fixed point theorems involving multi-valued operators which satisfy weakly generalized contractive conditions in ordered complete metric spaces. The study of coincidence point and common fixed points of hybrid pair of mappings in Banach spaces and metric spaces is interesting and well developed. For applications of hybrid fixed point theory we refer to [1316]. For a survey of fixed point theory and coincidences of multimaps, their applications and related results, we refer to [1622].

The aim of this article is to obtain coupled coincidence point and common fixed point theorems for a pair of multi-valued and single valued mappings which satisfy generalized contractive condition in complete metric spaces. It is to be noted that to find coupled coincidence points, we do not employ the condition of continuity of any mapping involved therein. Our results unify, extend, and generalize various known comparable results in the literature.

2 Main results

In the following theorem we obtain coupled coincidence and common fixed point for hybrid pair of mappings satisfying a generalized contractive condition.

Theorem 6 Let (X, d) be a metric space, F : X × XCB(X) and g : XX be mappings satisfying

H ( F ( x , y ) , F ( u , v ) ) a 1 d ( g x , g u ) + a 2 d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) + a 3 d ( g y , g v ) a 4 d ( F ( u , v ) , g u ) + a 5 d ( F ( x , y ) , g u ) + a 6 d ( F ( u , v ) , g x )
(1)

for all x, y, u, v X, where a i = a i (x, y, u, v), i = 1, 2, ..., 6, are nonnegative real numbers such that

a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 h<1,
(2)

where h is a fixed number. If F(X ×X) g(X) and g(X) is complete subset of X, then F and g have coupled coincidence point. Moreover F and g have coupled common fixed point if one of the following conditions holds.

(a) F and g are w- compatible, lim n g n x=u and lim n g n y=v for some (x, y) C(F, g), u, v X and g is continuous at u and v.

(b) g is F- weakly commuting for some (x, y) C(g, F), g2x = gx and g2y = gy.

(c) g is continuous at x, y for some (x, y) C(g, F) and for some u, v X, lim n g n u=x and lim n g n v=y.

(d) g(C(g, F)) is singleton subset of C(g, F).

Proof. Let x0, y0 X be arbitrary. Then F (x0, y0) and F (y0, x0) are well defined. Choose gx1 F (x0, y0) and gy1 F (y0, x0). This can be done because F (X × X) g(X). If a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = a5 = a6 = 0, then

d ( g x 1 , F ( x 1 , y 1 ) ) H ( F ( x 0 , y 0 ) , F ( x 1 , y 1 ) ) =0.

Hence d(gx1, F (x1, y1)) = 0. Since F (x1, y1) is closed, gx1 F (x1, y1). Similarly gy1 F (y1, x1). Thus (x1, y1) is a coupled coincidence point of {F, g} and so we finish the proof. Now assume that a i > 0, for some i = 1, ..., 6. Then h > 0 and so there exist z1 F (x1, y1) and z2 F (y1, x1) such that

d ( g x 1 , z 1 ) H ( F ( x 0 , y 0 ) , F ( x 1 , y 1 ) ) + h 2 , d ( g y 1 , z 2 ) H ( F ( y 0 , x 0 ) , F ( y 1 , x 1 ) ) + h 2 .

Since F(X × X) g(X), there exist x2 and y2 in X such that z1 = gx2 and z2 = gy2. Thus

d ( g x 1 , g x 2 ) H ( F ( x 0 , y 0 ) , F ( x 1 , y 1 ) ) + h 2 , d ( g y 1 , g y 2 ) H ( F ( y 0 , x 0 ) , F ( y 1 , x 1 ) ) + h 2 .

Continuing this process, one obtains two sequences {x n } and {y n } in X such that

g x n + 1 F ( x n , y n )  and  g y n + 1 F ( y n , x n ) ,
d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) H ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , F ( x n , y n ) ) + h n 2 , d ( g y n , g y n + 1 ) H ( F ( y n - 1 , x n - 1 ) , F ( y n , x n ) ) + h n 2 .

From (1), we have

d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) H ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , F ( x n , y n ) ) + h n 2 a 1 d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) + a 2 d ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , g x n - 1 ) + a 3 d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) + a 4 d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x n ) + a 5 d ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , g x n ) + a 6 d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x n - 1 ) + h n 2 a 1 d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) + a 2 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + a 3 d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) + a 4 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) + a 6 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n - 1 ) + h n 2 a 1 d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) + a 2 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + a 3 d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) + a 4 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) + a 6 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) + a 6 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + h n 2 = ( a 1 + a 2 + a 6 ) d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) + a 3 d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) + ( a 4 + a 6 ) d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) + h n 2 ,

and it follows that

1 - a 4 - a 6 d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) a 1 + a 2 + a 6 d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) + a 3 d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) + h n 2 .
(3)

Similarly it can be shown that,

1 - a 4 - a 6 d ( g y n , g y n + 1 ) a 1 + a 2 + a 6 d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) + a 3 d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) + h n 2 .
(4)

Again,

d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) = H ( F ( x n , y n ) , F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) ) + h n 2 a 1 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + a 2 d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x n ) + a 3 d ( g y n , g y n - 1 ) + a 4 d ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , g x n - 1 ) + a 5 d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x n - 1 ) + a 6 d ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , g x n ) + h n 2 a 1 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + a 2 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) + a 3 d ( g y n , g y n - 1 ) + a 4 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + a 5 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n - 1 ) + h n 2 a 1 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + a 2 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) + a 3 d ( g y n , g y n - 1 ) + a 4 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + a 5 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) + a 5 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + h n 2 .

Hence,

1 - a 2 - a 5 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) a 1 + a 4 + a 5 d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) + a 3 d ( g y n , g y n - 1 ) + h n 2
(5)

and

1 - a 2 - a 5 d ( g y n + 1 , g y n ) a 1 + a 4 + a 5 d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) + a 3 d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) + h n 2 .
(6)

Let

δ n =d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) +d ( g y n , g y n + 1 ) .

Now, from (3) and (4), and respectively (5) and (6), we obtain:

1 - a 4 - a 6 δ n a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 6 δ n - 1 + h n 2 ,
(7)
1 - a 2 - a 5 δ n a 1 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 δ n - 1 + h n 2 .
(8)

Adding (7) and (8) we get

2 - a 2 - a 4 - a 5 - a 6 δ n 2 a 1 + a 2 + 2 a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 δ n - 1 + h n .
(9)

Since by (2), a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6h < 1, so we have

2 a 1 + a 2 + 2 a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 = 2 ( a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 ) - a 2 - a 4 - a 5 - a 6 2 h - ( a 2 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 ) 2 h - h ( a 2 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 ) = h 2 - a 2 - a 4 - a 5 - a 6 .

Thus from (9) we get

2 - a 2 - a 4 - a 5 - a 6 δ n h 2 - a 2 - a 4 - a 5 - a 6 δ n - 1 + h n .

Hence, as 1/(2 - a2 - a4 - a5 - a6) < 1,

δ n h δ n - 1 + h n .

Thus we have

δ n h ( h δ n - 2 + h n - 1 ) + h n = h 2 δ n - 2 +2 h n .

Continuing this process we obtain

δ n h n δ 0 +n h n .
(10)

By the triangle inequality and (10), for m, n N with m > n, we have

d ( g x n , g x m + n ) + d ( g y n , g y m + n ) d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) + d ( g x n + 1 , g x n + 2 ) + + d ( g x n + m - 1 , g x m + n ) + d ( g y n , g y n + 1 ) + d ( g y n + 1 , g y n + 2 ) + d ( g y n + m - 1 , g y m + n ) ( h n δ 0 + n h n ) + ( h n + 1 δ 0 + ( n + 1 ) h n + 1 ) + + ( h n + m - 1 δ 0 + ( n + m - 1 ) h n + m - 1 ) + ( h n δ 0 + n h n ) + ( h n + 1 δ 0 + ( n + 1 ) h n + 1 ) + + ( h n + m - 1 δ 0 + ( n + m - 1 ) h n + m - 1 ) .

Thus

d ( g x n , g x m + n ) +d ( g y n , g y m + n ) i = n n + m - 1 δ 0 h i + i = n n + m - 1 i h i .

Since h < 1, we conclude that {gx n } and {gy n } are Cauchy sequences in g(X). Since g(X) is complete, there exist x, y X such that gx n gx and gy n gy. Then from (1), we obtain

d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) d ( F ( x , y ) , g x n + 1 ) + d ( g x n + 1 , g x ) H ( F ( x , y ) , F ( x n , y n ) ) + d ( g x n + 1 , g x ) a 1 d ( g x , g x n ) + a 2 d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) + a 3 d ( g y , g y n ) + a 4 d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x n ) + a 5 d ( F ( x , y ) , g x n ) + a 6 d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x ) + d ( g x n + 1 , g x ) a 1 d ( g x , g x n ) + a 2 d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) + a 3 d ( g y , g y n ) + a 4 d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) + a 5 d ( F ( x , y ) , g x n ) + a 6 d ( g x n + 1 , g x ) + d ( g x n + 1 , g x ) .

On taking limit as n → ∞, we have

d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) ( a 2 + a 5 ) d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) ,

which implies that d(F(x, y), gx) = 0 and hence F(x, y) = gx. Similarly, F(y, x) = gy. Hence (x, y) is coupled coincidence point of the mappings F and g. Suppose now that (a) holds. Then for some (x, y) C(F, g), lim n g n x=u and lim n g n y=v, where u, v X. Since g is continuous at u and v, so we have that u and v are fixed points of g. As F and g are w- compatible, gnx C(F, g) for all n ≥ 1 and gnx F(gn-1x, gn-1y).

Using (1), we obtain,

d ( g u , F ( u , v ) ) d ( g u , g n x ) + d ( g n x , F ( u , v ) ) d ( g u , g n x ) + H ( F ( g n - 1 x , g n - 1 y ) , F ( u , v ) ) d ( g u , g n x ) + a 1 d ( g n x , g u ) + a 2 d ( F ( g n - 1 x , g n - 1 y ) , g n x ) + a 3 d ( g n y , g v ) + a 4 d ( F ( u , v ) , g u ) + a 5 d ( g n x , g u ) + a 6 d ( F ( u , v ) , g n x ) .

On taking limit as n → ∞, we have

d ( g u , F ( u , v ) ) ( a 4 + a 6 ) d ( g u , F ( u , v ) ) ,

which implies d(gu, F(u, v)) = 0 and hence gu F(u, v). Similarly, gv F(v, u). Consequently u = gu F(u, v) and v = gv F(v, u). Hence (u, v) is a coupled fixed point of F and g. Suppose now that (b) holds.

If for some (x, y) C(F, g), g is F- commuting, g2x = gx and g2y = gy, then gx = g2x F(gx, gy) and gy = g2y F(gy, gx). Hence (gx, gy) is a coupled fixed point of F and g. Suppose now that (c) holds and assume that for some (x, y) C(g, F) and for some u, v X, lim n g n u=x and lim n g n v=y. By the continuity of g at x and y, we get x = gx F(x, y) and y = gy F(y, x). Hence (x, y) is coupled fixed point of F and g. Finally, suppose that (d) holds. Let g(C(F, g)) = {(x, x). Then {x} = {gx} = F(x, x). Hence (x, x) is coupled fixed point of F and g.    ■

Now we present following example to support our Theorem 8.

Example 9. Let X = [1, 5] and F : X × XCB(X), g : XX be defined as follows:

F ( x , y ) = [ 2 , 3 ]  for all  x , y X , g ( x ) = 5 - 3 5 x ,  for all  x X .

Then H(F(x, y), F(u, v)) = 0 for all x, y, u, v X. Therefore, F and g satisfy (1) for any a i [0, 1), i = 1, 2, ..., 6. Also (4, 5) X × X is a coupled coincidence point of hybrid pair {F, g}. Note that F and g do not satisfy anyone of the conditions from (a)-(d) of Theorem 8 and do not have a coupled common fixed point.

If in Theorem 8 g = I (I = the identity mapping), then we have the following result.

Corollary 10. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space, F : X × XCB(X) be a mapping satisfying

H ( F ( x , y ) , F ( u , v ) ) a 1 d ( x , u ) + a 2 d ( F ( x , y ) , x ) + a 3 d ( y , v ) + a 4 d ( F ( u , v ) , u ) + a 5 d ( F ( x , y ) , u ) + a 6 d ( F ( u , v ) , x )

for all x, y, u, v X, where a i = a i (x, y, u, v), i = 1, 2, ..., 6, satisfy (2). Then F has a coupled fixed point.

Corollary 11. Let (X, d) be a metric space, F : X × XCB(X) and g : XX be mappings satisfying

H ( ( F ( x , y ) , F ( u , v ) ) k 2 [ d ( g x , g u ) + d ( g y , g v ) ]
(11)

for all x, y, u, v X, where k [0, 1). If F(X × X) g(X) and g(X) is complete subset of X, then F and g have a coupled coincidence point in X. Moreover, F and g have a coupled common fixed point if anyone of the conditions (a)-(d) of Theorem 8 holds.

Example 12. Let X = [0, 1], F : X × XCB(X) and g : XX be given as

F ( x , y ) = [ 0 , sin x + sin y 8 ]  for all  x,yX,

and

g ( x ) = x 2  for all  xX.

Case (i) If sin x + sin y = sin u + sin v, then

H ( F ( x , y ) , F ( u , v ) ) = 0 .

Case (ii) If sin x + sin y ≠ sin u + sin v, then

H ( F ( x , y ) , F ( u , v ) ) = 1 8 sin x + sin y - sin u + sin v 1 8 sin x - sin u + sin y - sin v 1 8 x - u + y - v 3 16 x - u + y - v = 3 8 x 2 - u 2 + y 2 - v 2 = 3 8 ( d ( g x , g u ) , d ( g y , g v ) ) = 3 4 2 [ d ( g x , g u ) + d ( g y , g v ) ] .

Therefore F and g satisfy all the conditions of Corollary 11 with k= 3 4 . Moreover, (0, 0) is a coupled common fixed point of F and g.

Corollary 13. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space, F : X × XCB(X) be a mapping satisfying

H ( ( F ( x , y ) , F ( u , v ) ) k 2 [ d ( x , u ) + d ( y , v ) ]

for all x, y, u, v X, where k [0, 1), then F has a coupled fixed point in X.

Theorem 14. Let (X, d) be a metric space. Suppose that the mappings F : X × XCB(X) and g : XX satisfy

H ( F ( x , y ) , F ( u , v ) ) h max { d ( g x , g u ) , d ( g y , g v ) , d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) , d ( F ( x , y ) , g u ) + d ( F ( u , v ) , g x ) 2 , d ( F ( u , v ) , g u ) }
(12)

for all x, y, u, v X, where h [0, 1). If F(X × X) g(X) and g(X) is a complete subset of X, then F and g have a coupled coincidence point in X. Moreover, F and g have a coupled common fixed point if one of the conditions (a)-(d) of Theorem 8 holds.

Proof. Let x0 and y0 be two arbitrary points in X. Choose gx1 F (x0, y0) and gy1 F (y0, x0). This can be done because F(X × X) g(X). If h = 0, then

d ( g x 1 , F ( x 1 , y 1 ) ) H ( F ( x 0 , y 0 ) , F ( x 1 , y 1 ) ) =0

gives that d(gx1, F (x1, y1)) = 0, and gx1 F (x1, y1). Similarly gy1 F (y1, x1). Hence (x1, y1) is a coupled coincidence point of {F, g}. Now assume that h > 0. Set k= 1 h . Then k > 1 and so there exists z1 F(x1, y1) and z2 F(y1, x1) such that gx2 F (x1, y1), gy2 F (y1, x1) and such that

d ( g x 1 , z 1 ) k H ( F ( x 0 , y 0 ) , F ( x 1 , y 1 ) ) , d ( g y 1 , z 2 ) k H ( F ( y 0 , x 0 ) , F ( y 1 , x 1 ) ) .

Since F(X × X) g(X), there exist x2 and y2 in X such that z1 = gx2 and z2 = gy2. Also,

d ( g x 1 , g x 2 ) k H ( F ( x 0 , y 0 ) , F ( x 1 , y 1 ) ) , d ( g y 1 , g y 2 ) k H ( F ( y 0 , x 0 ) , F ( y 1 , x 1 ) ) .

Continuing this process, one obtains two sequences {x n } and {y n } in X such that gxn+1 F (x n , y n ), gyn+1 F (y n , x n ) and

d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) k H ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , F ( x n , y n ) ) , d ( g y n , g y n + 1 ) k H ( F ( y n - 1 , x n - 1 ) , F ( y n , x n ) ) .

For each n, using (12), we have

d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) k H ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , F ( x n , y n ) ) h max d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) , d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) , d ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , g x n - 1 ) , d ( F ( x n - 1 , y n - 1 ) , g x n ) + d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x n - 1 ) 2 , d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x n ) h max d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) , d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) , d ( g x n + 1 , g x n - 1 ) 2 , d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) h max d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) , d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) , d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) + d ( g x n , g x n - 1 ) 2 , d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) = h max d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) , d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) , d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) .

Hence, if we suppose that d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) h d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) , then d(gx n , gxn+1) = 0. Therefore,

d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) h max { d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) , d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) } .
(13)

Similarly,

d ( g y n , g y n + 1 ) h max { d ( g y n - 1 , g y n ) , d ( g x n - 1 , g x n ) } .
(14)

Using (13) and (14), we obtain

d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) ( h ) n δ

and

d ( g y n , g y n + 1 ) ( h ) n δ,

where δ = max{d(gx0, gx1),d(gy0, gy1)}. Thus for m, n N with m > n,

d ( g x n , g x m + n ) d ( g x n , g x n + 1 ) + d ( g x n + 1 , g x n + 2 ) + + d ( g x n + m - 1 , g x m + n ) + ( h ) n δ + ( h ) n + 1 δ + + ( h ) n + m - 1 δ .

Therefore

d ( g x n , g x m + n ) i = n n + m - 1 ( h ) i δ .

Hence we conclude that {gx n } is a Cauchy sequence in g(X). Similarly we obtain that {gy n } is a Cauchy sequence in g(X). Since g(X) is complete, so there exists x, y X such that gx n gx and gy n gy.

Thus from (12),

d ( F ( x , y ) , g x n + 1 ) H ( F ( x , y ) , F ( x n , y n ) ) h max { d ( g x , g x n ) , d ( g y , g y n ) , d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) , d ( F ( x , y ) , g x n ) + d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x ) 2 , d ( F ( x n , y n ) , g x n ) } h max { d ( g x , g x n ) , d ( g y , g y n ) , d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) , d ( F ( x , y ) , g x n ) + d ( g x n + 1 , g x ) 2 , d ( g x n + 1 , g x n ) }

On taking limit as n → ∞, we obtain

d ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) hd ( F ( x , y ) , g x ) ,

which implies d(F(x, y), gx) = 0. As F(x, y) is closed, so gx F(x, y). Similarly, gy F(y, x). Therefore (x, y) is a coupled coincidence point of F and g.

  1. (a)

    Suppose that l i m n gx=u and l i m n gy=v, for some (x, y) C(F, g); u, v X. Since g is continuous at u and v, so u and v are fixed points of g. Also since F and g are w- compatible, gn(x) C(F, g) for all n ≥ 1 and gn(x) F(gn-1(x), gn-1(y)). Using (12), we obtain

    d ( g u , F ( u , v ) ) d ( g u , g n ( x ) ) + d ( g n ( x ) , F ( u , v ) ) d ( g u , g n ( x ) ) + H ( F ( g n 1 x , g n 1 y ) , F ( u , v ) ) d ( g u , g n ( x ) ) + h max { d ( g ( g n 1 x ) , g u ) , d ( g ( g n 1 y ) , g v ) , d ( F ( g n 1 x , g n 1 y ) , g ( g n 1 x ) ) , d ( F ( g n 1 x , g n 1 y ) , g u ) + d ( F ( u , v ) , g ( g n 1 x ) 2 , d ( F ( u , v ) , g u ) } d ( g u , g n ( x ) ) + h max { d ( g n x , g u ) + d ( g n y , g v ) , d ( g n x , g u ) + d ( F ( u , v ) , g n x ) 2 , d ( F ( u , v ) , g u ) } .

Hence, taking limit as n → ∞, we get

d ( g u , F ( u , v ) ) hd ( g u , F ( u , v ) ) .

Hence d(gu, F(u, v)) = 0 and therefore gu F(u, v). Similarly, gv F(v, u). Consequently u = gu F(u, v) and v = gv F(v, u). Hence (u, v) is a coupled fixed point of F and g.

If the pair {F, g} satisfies condition (b)-(d) of Theorem 8, then result follow using arguments similar to those given in the proof of Theorem 8.    ■

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Abbas, M., Ćirić, L., Damjanović, B. et al. Coupled coincidence and common fixed point theorems for hybrid pair of mappings. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 4 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-4

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