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On P-contractions in ordered metric spaces

Abstract

In this paper, we introduced a new type of a contractive condition defined on an ordered space, namely a P-contraction, which generalizes the weak contraction. We also proved some fixed point theorems for such a condition in ordered metric spaces. A supporting example of our results is provided in the last part of our paper as well.

MSC:06A05, 06A06, 47H09, 47H10, 54H25.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

It is well known that the Banach contraction principle has been improved in different directions in different spaces by mathematicians over the years. Even in the contemporary research, it remains a heavily investigated branch. Thus, several authors have generalized the principle in various ways (see, for example, [114]).

In 1997, Alber and Guerre-Delabriere [15] have introduced the concept of weak contraction in Hilbert spaces. Later, Rhoades [16] showed, in 2001, that these results are also valid in complete metric spaces. We state the result of Rhoades in the following.

A mapping f:XX, where (X,d) is a metric space, is said to be weakly contractive if

d(fx,fy)d(x,y)φ ( d ( x , y ) )
(1.1)

for all x,yX and φ:[0,+)[0,+) is a function satisfying:

  1. (i)

    φ is continuous and nondecreasing;

  2. (ii)

    φ(t)=0 if and only if t=0;

  3. (iii)

    lim t + φ(t)=+.

Note that (1.1) reduces to an ordinary contraction when φ(t):=kt, where 0k<1.

Theorem 1.1 ([16])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and f be a weakly contractive mapping. Then f has a unique fixed point x in X.

An interesting way to generalize this theorem is to consider it in case a partial ordering is defined on the space. Recall that a relation is a partial ordering on a set X if it is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive. By this meaning, we write ba instead of ab to emphasize some particular cases. Any a,bX are said to be comparable if ab or ab. If a set X has a partial ordering defined on it, we say that it is a partially ordered set (w.r.t. ) and denote it by (X,). (X,) is said to be a totally ordered set if any two elements in X are comparable. Moreover, it is said to be a sequentially ordered set if each element of a convergent sequence in X is comparable with its limit. Yet, if (X,d) is a metric space and (X,) is a partially ordered (totally ordered, sequentially ordered) set, we say that X is a partially ordered (totally ordered, sequentially ordered, respectively) metric space, and it will be denoted by (X,,d).

In 2009, Harjani and Sadarangani [17] carried the work of Rhoades [16] into partially ordered metric spaces. We now state the result proved in [17] as follows.

Theorem 1.2 ([17])

Let (X,,d) be a complete partially ordered metric space and let f:XX be a continuous and nondecreasing mapping such that

d(fx,fy)d(x,y)φ ( d ( x , y ) )

for xy, where φ:[0,+)[0,+) is a function satisfying:

  1. (i)

    φ is continuous and nondecreasing;

  2. (ii)

    φ(t)=0 if and only if t=0;

  3. (iii)

    lim t + φ(t)=+.

If there exists x 0 X such that x 0 f x 0 , then f has a fixed point.

Harjini and Sadarangani [17] also proved fixed point theorems for noncontinuous mappings, nonincreasing mappings and even for non-monotonic mappings.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a weak condition which resulted in the concept called a P-contraction.

2 P-functions

In this section, we introduce our concept of a P-function and some of its fundamental properties. Not to be ambiguous, we assume that represents the set of all real numbers while represents the set of all positive integers.

Definition 2.1 Let (X,,d) be a partially ordered metric space. A function ϱ:X×XR is called a P-function w.r.t. in X if it satisfies the following conditions:

  1. (i)

    ϱ(x,y)0 for every comparable x,yX;

  2. (ii)

    for any sequences { x n } n = 1 + , { y n } n = 1 + in X such that x n and y n are comparable at each nN, if lim n + x n =x and lim n + y n =y, then lim n + ϱ( x n , y n )=ϱ(x,y);

  3. (iii)

    for any sequences { x n } n = 1 + , { y n } n = 1 + in X such that x n and y n are comparable at each nN, if lim n + ϱ( x n , y n )=0, then lim n + d( x n , y n )=0.

If, in addition, the following condition is also satisfied:

  1. (A)

    for any sequences { x n } n = 1 + , { y n } n = 1 + in X such that x n and y n are comparable at each nN, if the limit lim n + d( x n , y n ) exists, then the limit lim n + ϱ( x n , y n ) also exists,

then ϱ is said to be a P-function of type (A) w.r.t. in X.

Example 2.2 Let (X,,d) be a partially ordered metric space. Suppose that the function φ:[0,+)[0,+) is defined as in Theorem 1.2. Then φd is a P-function of type (A) w.r.t. in X.

Proposition 2.3 Let (X,,d) be a partially ordered metric space and ϱ:X×XR be a P-function w.r.t. in X. If x,yX are comparable and ϱ(x,y)=0, then x=y.

Proof Let x,yX be comparable and ϱ(x,y)=0. Define { x n } n = 1 + and { y n } n = 1 + to be two constant sequences in X such that x n =x and y n =y for all nN. It follows from the definition of a P-function, since x and y are comparable, that d(x,y)=0. That is, x=y. □

Corollary 2.4 Let (X,,d) be a totally ordered metric space and ϱ:X×XR be a P-function w.r.t. in X. If x,yX and ϱ(x,y)=0, then x=y.

Proof Since X is totally ordered, any x,yX are comparable. The rest of the proof is straightforward. □

Example 2.5 Let X=R. Define d,ϱ:X×XR with d(x,y)=|xy| and ϱ(x,y)=1+|xy|. If X is endowed with a usual ordering ≤, then (X,,d) is a totally ordered metric space with ϱ as a P-function of type (A) w.r.t. ≤ in X. Note that ϱ(x,y)0 for all x,yX, even when x=y.

This example shows that the converse of Proposition 2.3 and that of Corollary 2.4 are not generally true.

Definition 2.6 Let (X,,d) be a partially ordered metric space, a mapping f:XX is called a P-contraction w.r.t. if there exists a P-function ϱ:X×XR w.r.t. in X such that

d(fx,fy)d(x,y)ϱ(x,y)
(2.1)

for any comparable x,yX. Naturally, if there exists a P-function of type (A) w.r.t. in X such that the inequality (2.1) holds for any comparable x,yX, then f is said to be a P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. .

Remark 2.7 From Example 2.2, it follows that in partially ordered metric spaces, a weak contraction is also a P-contraction.

3 Fixed point results

3.1 Fixed point theorems for monotonic mappings

Theorem 3.1 Let (X,,d) be a complete partially ordered metric space and f:XX be a continuous and nondecreasing P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. . If there exists x 0 X with x 0 f x 0 , then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a fixed point of f in X.

Proof For the existence of the fixed point, we choose x 0 X such that x 0 f x 0 . If f x 0 = x 0 , then the proof is finished. Suppose that f x 0 x 0 . We define a sequence { x n } n = 1 + such that x n = f n x 0 . Since x 0 f x 0 and f is nondecreasing w.r.t. , we obtain

x 0 x 1 x 2 x n x n + 1 .

If there exists n 0 N such that ϱ( x n 0 , x n 0 + 1 )=d( x n 0 , x n 0 + 1 ), then by the notion of P-contractivity, the proof is finished. Therefore, we assume that ϱ( x n , x n + 1 )<d( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN. Also, assume that ϱ( x n , x n + 1 )0 for all nN. Otherwise, we can find n 0 N with x n 0 = x n 0 + 1 , that is, x n 0 =f x n 0 , and the proof is finished. Hence, we consider only the case where 0<ϱ( x n , x n + 1 )<d( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN.

Since x n x n + 1 for all nN, we have

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) = d ( f x n 1 , f x n ) d ( x n 1 , x n ) ϱ ( x n 1 , x n ) d ( x n 1 , x n )

for all nN. Therefore, we have { d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } n = 1 + nonincreasing. Since { d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } n = 1 + is bounded, there exists l0 such that lim n + d( x n , x n + 1 )=l. Thus, there exists q0 such that lim n + ϱ( x n , x n + 1 )=q.

Assume that l>0. Then, by the P-contractivity of f, we have

llq.

Hence, q=0, which implies that l=0, a contradiction. Therefore, we have

lim n + d( x n , x n + 1 )=0.
(3.1)

Now we show that { x n } n = 1 + is a Cauchy sequence in X. Assume the contrary. Then there exists ϵ 0 >0 for which we can define subsequences { x m k } k = 1 + and { x n k } k = 1 + of { x n } n = 1 + such that n k is minimal in the sense that n k > m k >k and d( x m k , x n k ) ϵ 0 . Therefore, d( x m k , x n k 1 )< ϵ 0 . Observe that

ϵ 0 d ( x m k , x n k ) d ( x m k , x n k 1 ) + d ( x n k 1 , x n k ) < ϵ 0 + d ( x n k 1 , x n k ) .

Letting k+, we obtain ϵ 0 lim k + d( x m k , x n k ) ϵ 0 and so

lim k + d( x m k , x n k )= ϵ 0 .
(3.2)

By the two following inequalities:

d( x m k , x n k )d( x m k , x m k 1 )+d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )+d( x n k 1 , x n k )

and

d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )d( x m k 1 , x m k )+d( x m k , x n k )+d( x n k , x n k 1 ),

we can apply (3.1) and (3.2) to obtain

lim k + d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )= ϵ 0 .
(3.3)

Furthermore, we deduce that the limit lim k + ϱ( x m k 1 , x n k 1 ) also exists. Now, by the P-contractivity, we have

d( x m k , x n k )d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )ϱ( x m k 1 , x n k 1 ).

From (3.2) and (3.3), we may find that

0 lim k + ϱ( x m k 1 , x n k 1 ),

which further implies that lim k + ϱ( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )=0. Notice that x m k 1 x n k 1 at each kN. Consequently, we obtain that lim k + d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )=0, which is a contradiction. So, { x n } n = 1 + is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is complete, there exists x such that x n = f n x 0 x as n+. Finally, the continuity of f and f f n x 0 = f n + 1 x 0 x imply that f x = x . Therefore, x is a fixed point of f. □

Remark 3.2 In the setting of Remark 2.7, Theorem 3.1 reduces to Theorem 1.2 of [17].

Next, we drop the continuity of f in the Theorem 3.1, and find out that we can still guarantee a fixed point if we strengthen the condition of a partially ordered set to a sequentially ordered set.

Theorem 3.3 Let (X,,d) be a complete sequentially ordered metric space and f:XX be a nondecreasing P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. . If there exists x 0 X with x 0 f x 0 , then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a fixed point of f in X.

Proof If we take x n = f n x 0 in the proof of Theorem 3.1, then we conclude that { x n } n = 1 + converges to a point x in X.

Next, we prove that x is a fixed point of f in X. Indeed, suppose that x is not a fixed point of f, i.e., d( x ,f x )0. Since x is comparable with x n for all nN, we have

d ( x , f x ) d ( x , f x n ) + d ( f x , f x n ) d ( x , f x n ) + d ( x , x n ) ϱ ( x , x n ) d ( x , f x n ) + d ( x , x n ) = d ( x , x n + 1 ) + d ( x , x n )

for all nN. By the definition of a convergent sequence, we have, for any ϵ>0, there exists NN such that d( x n , x )< ϵ 2 for all nN with nN. Therefore, we have

d ( x , f x ) < ϵ 2 + ϵ 2 < ϵ .

As easily seen, d( x ,f x ) is less than any nonnegative real number, so d( x ,f x )=0, which is a contradiction. Hence, x is a fixed point of f. □

Corollary 3.4 Let (X,,d) be a complete totally ordered metric space and f:XX be a nondecreasing P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. . If there exists x 0 X with x 0 f x 0 , then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a unique fixed point of f in X.

Proof Take x n = f n x 0 as in the proof of Theorem 3.1. Since the total ordering implies the partial ordering, we conclude that { x n } n = 1 + converges to a fixed point.

Next, we show that the fixed point of f is unique. Assume that u and v are two distinct fixed points of f, i.e., d(u,v)0. Since X is totally ordered, u and v are comparable. Thus, we have

d ( u , v ) = d ( f u , f v ) d ( u , v ) ϱ ( u , v ) ,
(3.4)

which is a contradiction. Therefore, u=v and the fixed point of f is unique. □

We can still guarantee the uniqueness of a fixed point by weakening the total ordering condition as stated and proved in the next theorem.

Theorem 3.5 Let (X,,d) be a complete partially ordered metric space and f:XX be a continuous and nondecreasing P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. . Suppose that for each x,yX, there exists wX which is comparable to both x and y. If there exists x 0 X with x 0 f x 0 , then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a unique fixed point of f in X.

Proof If we take x n = f n x 0 in the proof of Theorem 3.1, then we conclude that x n converges to a fixed point of f in X.

Next, we show that the fixed point of f is unique. Assume that u and v are two distinct fixed points of f, i.e., d(u,v)0. Since u,vX, there exists wX such that w is comparable to both u and v. We will prove this part by showing that the sequence { w n } n = 1 + given by w n = f n w converges to both u and v. Therefore, we have

d ( u , f n w ) d ( u , f n 1 w ) ϱ ( u , f n 1 w ) d ( u , f n 1 w ) .
(3.5)

If we define a sequence y n =d(u, f n w) and z n =ϱ(u, f n w), we may obtain from (3.5) that { y n } n = 1 + is nonincreasing and there exist l,q0 such that lim n + y n =l and lim n + z n =q.

Assume that l>0. Then, by the P-contractivity of f, we have

llq,

which is a contradiction. Hence, lim n + y n =0. In the same way, we can also show that lim n + d(v, f n w)=0. That is, { w n } n = 1 + converges to both u and v. Since the limit of a convergent sequence in a metric space is unique, we conclude that u=v. Hence, this yields the uniqueness of the fixed point. □

Theorem 3.6 Let (X,,d) be a complete sequentially ordered metric space and f:XX be a nondecreasing P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. . Suppose that for each x,yX, there exists wX which is comparable to both x and y. If there exists x 0 X with x 0 f x 0 , then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a unique fixed point of f in X.

Proof If we take x n = f n x 0 in the proof of Theorem 3.1, then we conclude that x n converges to a fixed point of f in X. The rest of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 3.5. □

Remark 3.7 In parallel with the study of Theorems 3.1, 3.3, 3.5 and 3.6, we can also prove in the same way that if the mapping f is nonincreasing, the above theorems still hold. However, we will omit the result for nonincreasing mappings.

3.2 Fixed point theorems for mappings with the lack of monotonicity

In this section, we drop the monotonicity conditions of f and find out that we can still apply our results to confirm the existence and uniqueness of a fixed point of f.

Theorem 3.8 Let (X,,d) be a complete partially ordered metric space and f:XX be a continuous P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. such that the comparability of x,yX implies the comparability of fx,fyfX. If there exists x 0 X such that x 0 and f x 0 are comparable, then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a fixed point of f in X.

Proof For the existence of the fixed point, we choose x 0 X such that x 0 and f x 0 are comparable. If f x 0 = x 0 , then the proof is finished. Suppose that f x 0 x 0 . We define a sequence { x n } n = 1 + such that x n = f n x 0 . Since x 0 and f x 0 are comparable, we have x n and x n + 1 comparable for all nN.

If there exists n 0 N such that ϱ( x n 0 , x n 0 + 1 )=d( x n 0 , x n 0 + 1 ), then by the notion of P-contractivity, the proof is finished. Therefore, we assume that ϱ( x n , x n + 1 )<d( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN. Also, assume that ϱ( x n , x n + 1 )0 for all nN. Otherwise, we can find n 0 N with x n 0 = x n 0 + 1 , that is, x n 0 =f x n 0 , and the proof is finished. Hence, we consider only the case where 0<ϱ( x n , x n + 1 )<d( x n , x n + 1 ) for all nN.

Since x n and x n + 1 are comparable for all nN, we have

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) = d ( f x n 1 , f x n ) d ( x n 1 , x n ) ϱ ( x n 1 , x n ) d ( x n 1 , x n )

for all nN. Therefore, we have { d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } n = 1 + is nonincreasing. Since { d ( x n , x n + 1 ) } n = 1 + is bounded, there exists l0 such that lim n + d( x n , x n + 1 )=l. Thus, there exists q0 such that lim n + ϱ( x n , x n + 1 )=q.

Assume that l>0. Then, by the P-contractivity of f, we have

llq.

Hence, q=0, which implies that l=0, a contradiction. Hence, lim n + d( x n , x n + 1 )=0.

Now we show that { x n } n = 1 + is a Cauchy sequence in X. Assume the contrary. Then there exists ϵ 0 >0 for which we can define subsequences { x m k } k = 1 + and { x n k } k = 1 + of { x n } n = 1 + such that n k is minimal in the sense that n k > m k >k and d( x m k , x n k ) ϵ 0 . Therefore, d( x m k , x n k 1 )< ϵ 0 . Observe that

ϵ 0 d ( x m k , x n k ) d ( x m k , x n k 1 ) + d ( x n k 1 , x n k ) < ϵ 0 + d ( x n k 1 , x n k ) .

Letting k+, we obtain ϵ 0 lim k + d( x m k , x n k ) ϵ 0 and so

lim k + d( x m k , x n k )= ϵ 0 .
(3.6)

By the two following inequalities:

d( x m k , x n k )d( x m k , x m k 1 )+d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )+d( x n k 1 , x n k )

and

d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )d( x m k 1 , x m k )+d( x m k , x n k )+d( x n k , x n k 1 ),

we can apply the fact that lim n + d( x n , x n + 1 )=0 and (3.6) to obtain

lim k + d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )= ϵ 0 .
(3.7)

Furthermore, we deduce that the limit lim k + ϱ( x m k 1 , x n k 1 ) also exists. Now, by the P-contractivity, we have

d( x m k , x n k )d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )ϱ( x m k 1 , x n k 1 ).

From (3.6) and (3.7), we may find that

0 lim k + ϱ( x m k 1 , x n k 1 ),

which further implies that lim k + ϱ( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )=0. Notice that x m k 1 x n k 1 at each kN. Consequently, we obtain that lim k + d( x m k 1 , x n k 1 )=0, which is a contradiction. So, { x n } n = 1 + is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is complete, there exists x such that x n = f n x 0 x as n+. Finally, the continuity of f and f f n x 0 = f n + 1 x 0 x imply that f x = x . Therefore, x is a fixed point of f. □

Further results can be proved using the same plots as those of the earlier theorems in this paper, so we omit them.

Theorem 3.9 Let (X,,d) be a complete sequentially ordered metric space and f:XX be a P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. such that the comparability of x,yX implies the comparability of fx,fyfX. If there exists x 0 X such that x 0 and f x 0 are comparable, then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a fixed point of f in X.

Corollary 3.10 Let (X,,d) be a complete totally ordered metric space with and f:XX be a P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. such that the comparability of x,yX implies the comparability of fx,fyfX. If there exists x 0 X such that x 0 and f x 0 are comparable, then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a unique fixed point of f in X.

Theorem 3.11 Let (X,,d) be a complete partially ordered metric space and f:XX be a continuous P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. such that the comparability of x,yX implies the comparability of fx,fyfX. Suppose that for each x,yX, there exists wX which is comparable to both x and y. If there exists x 0 X such that x 0 and f x 0 are comparable, then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a unique fixed point of f in X.

Theorem 3.12 Let (X,,d) be a complete sequentially ordered metric space and f:XX be a P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. such that the comparability of x,yX implies the comparability of fx,fyfX. Suppose that for each x,yX, there exists wX which is comparable to both x and y. If there exists x 0 X such that x 0 and f x 0 are comparable, then { f n x 0 } n = 1 + converges to a unique fixed point of f in X.

4 Example

We give an example to ensure the applicability of our theorems.

Example 4.1 Let X=[0,1]×[0,1] and suppose that we write x=( x 1 , x 2 ) and y=( y 1 , y 2 ) for x,yX.

Define d,ϱ:X×XR by

d(x,y)={ 0 if  x = y , 2 max { x 1 + y 1 , x 2 + y 2 } otherwise

and

ϱ(x,y)={ 0 if  x = y , max { x 1 , x 2 + y 2 } otherwise .

Let be an ordering in X such that for x,yX, xy if and only if x 1 = y 1 and x 2 y 2 . Then (X,,d) is a partially ordered metric space with ϱ as a P-function of type (A) w.r.t. in X.

Now, let f be a self mapping on X defined by fx=f(( x 1 , x 2 ))=(0, x 2 2 2 ) for all xX. It is obvious that f is continuous and nondecreasing w.r.t. .

Let x,yX be comparable w.r.t. . If x=y, then they clearly satisfy the inequality (2.1). On the other hand, if xy, we have

d ( f x , f y ) = d ( f ( ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) , f ( ( y 1 , y 2 ) ) ) = d ( ( 0 , x 2 2 2 ) , ( 0 , y 2 2 2 ) ) = 2 max { 0 , x 2 2 2 + y 2 2 2 } = x 2 2 + y 2 2 x 2 + y 2 max { 2 x 1 , x 2 + y 2 } = 2 max { 2 x 1 , x 2 + y 2 } max { 2 x 1 , x 2 + y 2 } 2 max { 2 x 1 , x 2 + y 2 } max { x 1 , x 2 + y 2 } = d ( x , y ) ϱ ( x , y ) .

Therefore, the inequality (2.1) is satisfied for every comparable x,yX. So, f is a continuous and nondecreasing P-contraction of type (A) w.r.t. . Let x 0 =(0,0), so we have x 0 f x 0 . Now, applying Theorem 3.1, we conclude that f has a fixed point in X which is the point (0,0).

5 Conclusion

It is undeniable that Rhoades’s weak contraction is one of the earliest and the most important extensions of the contraction principle. The results in this paper give a new direction to expanding the framework of contractive type mappings in metric spaces. Still, there is a question to be raised from this paper onwards.

Question Are our results still true for any P-contractions (not necessarily of type (A))?

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Acknowledgements

This work was partially supported by the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission (NRU-CSEC No. 55000613). The second author would like to thank the Research Professional Development Project under the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST). Also, the third author was supported by the Commission on Higher Education, the Thailand Research Fund and the King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Grant No. MRG5580213).

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Correspondence to Poom Kumam.

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Chaipunya, P., Sintunavarat, W. & Kumam, P. On P-contractions in ordered metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 219 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-219

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