Skip to main content

Effective metastability for modified Halpern iterations in CAT(0) spaces

Abstract

We examine convergence results for modified Halpern iterations due to Cuntavepanit and Panyanak (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2011:869458, 2011). Following Kohlenbach and Leuştean (Adv. Math. 231:2525-2556, 2012), we extract uniform rates of metastability. This includes extracting rates of asymptotic regularity and replacing an ineffective argument that uses Banach limits.

1 Introduction

Recently, Kohlenbach and Leuştean developed a method for analyzing convergence proofs that make use of Banach limits (and hence - for what is known - the axiom of choice) and applied this method to obtain quantitative versions of convergence results for Halpern iterations in CAT(0) and uniformly smooth spaces (see [1, 2]). In this paper we apply this method to a recent convergence proof (again in the CAT(0)-setting) due to Cuntavepanit and Panyanak [3] for a modified scheme of Halpern iterations due to Kim and Xu [4].

Given a nonempty convex subset C in a CAT(0) space, we consider u,xC, a sequence ( λ n )[0,1] and a nonexpansive mapping T:CC with a nonempty fixed point set. Then the Halpern iterations with an initial point x and a reference point u are given by

x 0 :=x, x n + 1 := λ n u(1 λ n )T x n ,for nN.

Here, for x,yX and λ[0,1], λx(1λ)y denotes the unique point zX with d(z,x)=(1λ)d(x,y) and d(z,y)=λd(x,y).

A particularly important choice for λ n is ( 1 n + 2 ) n N . Then if T is linear and u is chosen equal to x, one obtains the Cesàro averages of ( T n x ) n N

x n = 1 n + 1 i = 0 n T i x.

The conditions used in this paper always allow for this choice of ( λ n ).

In [1], Kohlenbach and Leuştean extracted both effective rates of convergence for the asymptotic regularity property

d( x n ,T x n )0

and effective so-called rates of metastability (in the sense of Tao [5]) for the convergence of the sequence ( x n ) of Halpern iterations applying techniques of the proof mining program (see [6] for general information) to a convergence proof due to Saejung [7]. Here, by a rate of metastability, we mean a function Ψ:(0,)× N N N such that

ε>0,g:NN,NΨ(ε,g),m,n [ N ; N + g ( N ) ] ( d ( x n , x m ) ε ) ,

where [N;N+m]:={N,N+1,N+2,,N+m].

In general, there is no computable rate of convergence for Halpern iterations ( x n ) n N (already for λ n :=1/(n+2) and linear T) as follows from [[8], Theorem 5.1]. Note, however, that the metastability property

ε>0,g:NN,NN,m,n [ N ; N + g ( N ) ] ( d ( x n , x m ) ε )

(for which [1] does extract effective rates) ineffectively is equivalent to the usual Cauchy property.

Saejung’s original proof makes substantial reference to the axiom of choice by using the existence of Banach limits. Kohlenbach and Leuştean eliminated this reference in favor of the use of a finitary functional which renders Saejung’s proof admissible for the proof mining program. In this paper we apply this method to a variation of Halpern iterations, the aforementioned modified Halpern iterations due to [4].

In the same setting as above, we consider two sequences ( α n ) n N , ( β n ) n N [0,1]. Then the modified Halpern iterations with an initial point x and a reference point u are given by

x 0 :=x, x n + 1 := β n u(1 β n ) ( α n x n ( 1 α n ) T x n ) ,for nN.

So, instead of using T x n as in the usual Halpern iteration, one takes here the so-called Krasnoselski-Mann iteration

x 0 :=x, x n + 1 := α n x n (1 α n )T x n .

Modified Halpern iterations can be seen as generalizations of Halpern iterations by putting α n 0, and so our results (which allow this choice) extend the quantitative metastability and asymptotic regularity results of [1]. The main convergence result that we treat is due to Cuntavepanit and Panyanak [3]. Even for ordinary Halpern iterations, the inclusion of the case of unbounded C in our bounds is new compared to [1]. Our paper further strengthens the claim made in [1] to have developed a general method for analyzing quantitatively strong convergence proofs that use Banach limits.

2 Preliminaries

CAT(0) spaces are instances of geodesic spaces which are special metric spaces. Roughly speaking, in a geodesic space the associated metric behaves in an orderly manner, i.e., making sure there is at least one shortest path between two points. A CAT(0) space enforces further regularity in the sense that every triangle in the space is as ‘thin’ as in the Euclidean space.

The terminology of CAT(κ) spaces is due to Gromov [9]. CAT(0) spaces are uniquely geodesic [[10], Proposition II.1.4(1)].

By (1λ)xλy we denote the unique point z on the unique geodesic segment [x,y] joining x and y so that

d(z,x)=λd(x,y)andd(z,y)=(1λ)d(x,y)
(1)

holds.

The following properties of CAT(0) spaces are of interest to us.

Proposition 2.1 ([[11], Lemma 2.5])

Let X be a CAT(0) space. Then the following inequality holds for all x,y,zX and for all t[0,1]:

d ( ( 1 t ) x t y , z ) 2 (1t)d ( x , z ) 2 +td ( y , z ) 2 t(1t)d ( x , y ) 2 .
(2)

For a uniquely geodesic space X, this property is equivalent to X being a CAT(0) space.

Proposition 2.2 ([[11], Lemma 2.4])

Let X be a CAT(0) space. If x, y, z are points in X and t[0,1], then

d ( ( 1 t ) x t y , z ) (1t)d(x,z)+td(y,z),
(3)

i.e., CAT(0) spaces are, in particular, convex metric spaces in the sense of Takahashi [12]by taking W(x,y,λ):=(1λ)xλy.

Every pre-Hilbert space is a CAT(0)-space. Another example is the open unit ball B in with the Poincaré metric,

ρ(z,w):=2 tanh 1 | z w 1 z w ¯ | for z,wB.

This example is interesting for fixed point theory since holomorphic mappings f:BB are nonexpansive with respect to ρ (Schwarz-Pick lemma, see [13]). -trees in the sense of Tits are further examples of CAT(0) spaces.

W-hyperbolic spaces are in turn generalizations of CAT(0) spaces. The following definition of W-hyperbolic spaces is due to Kohlenbach [[14], Definition 2.11].

Definition 2.3 A triple (X,d,W) is called a W-hyperbolic space if (X,d) is a metric space and W:X×X×[0,1]X is a mapping satisfying

(W1) d(z,W(x,y,λ))(1λ)d(z,x)+λd(z,y),

(W2) d(W(x,y, λ 0 ),W(x,y, λ 1 ))=| λ 0 λ 1 |d(x,y),

(W3) W(x,y,λ)=W(y,x,1λ),

(W4) d(W(x,z,λ),W(y,w,λ))(1λ)d(x,y)+λd(z,w).

Lemma 2.4 ([[6], p.386])

Let (X,d) be a CAT(0) space. If it is equipped with the mapping W:X×X×[0,1]X,

W(x,y,λ):=(1λ)xλy,

W satisfies (W1)-(W4), i.e., (X,d,W) is W-hyperbolic.

We will use the following notions (here and in the following, is the set of natural numbers including 0, while Z + denotes the set of natural numbers n1):

  1. (1)

    A mapping γ:(0,) Z + is called a Cauchy modulus of a Cauchy sequence ( a n ) n N in a metric space (X,d) if

    ε>0,nN ( d ( a γ ( ε ) + n , a γ ( ε ) ) ε ) .
  2. (2)

    For ( a n ) n N as above, a mapping Ψ:(0,)× N N Z + is a rate of metastability if

    ε>0,g:NN,NΨ(ε,g),m,n [ N ; N + g ( N ) ] ( d ( a n , a m ) ε ) .
  3. (3)

    Let ( a n ) n N be a sequence in . If lim sup n a n 0, then a mapping θ:(0,) Z + is called an effective rate for ( a n ) n N if

    ε>0,nθ(ε)( a n ε).
  4. (4)

    Let ( a n ) n N be a sequence of nonnegative reals such that n = 1 a n =. Then a function δ: Z + Z + with

    i = 1 δ ( n ) a i nfor all n Z +

is called a rate of divergence of ( i = 1 n a i ) n N .

The term metastability is due to Tao [5, 15]. It is an instance of the no-counterexample interpretation by Kreisel [16, 17].

3 Halpern iterations

Definition 3.1 Let C be a nonempty convex subset of a CAT(0) space X. Let u,xC, ( α n ) n N , ( β n ) n N [0,1] and T:CC be nonexpansive. The modified Halpern iterations x n C with an initial point x and a reference point u are

x 0 :=x, x n + 1 := β n u(1 β n ) ( α n x n ( 1 α n ) T x n ) ,for nN.

Combinations of the following conditions were considered for the sequences ( α n ) n N and ( β n ) n N .

We will be concerned with (D1) to (D4).

Modified Halpern iterations are a generalization of Halpern iterations if one is permitted to set α n :=0 for all nN. This excludes (D2.b) which, however, we will never need.

Halpern iterations were named after a paper by Halpern [18] in 1967. This is somewhat misleading since Halpern considered only an instance of Halpern iterations in which the reference point was set to 0 and hence required a closed ball around 0 to be contained in the domain C of the self-mapping T. In the paper, Halpern examined these iterations in the setting of Hilbert spaces. For the convergence of ( x n ) n N to a fixed point of T with the smallest norm (hence closest to u=0), he showed that the conditions (D1.a) and (D2.a) were necessary. He also gave a set of sufficient conditions.

In 1977, Lions [19] improved Halpern’s original result. He considered real Hilbert spaces and Halpern iterations in full generality in the article and showed the convergence of the iteration to the fixed point of T nearest to u under the following conditions: ( λ n ) n N (0,1], (D1.a), (D2.a) and lim n λ n λ n + 1 λ n + 1 2 =0. Furthermore, he generalized his result to a variation of Halpern iterations which dealt with finite families of nonexpansive operators T i , 0iN, with NN instead of one nonexpansive T. Halpern and Lion’s results did not cover the choice of ( λ n ) n N = ( 1 n + 2 ) n N .

In 1983, Reich [20] posed the following problem, which was referred to as Problem 6.

Let X be a Banach space. Is there a sequence ( λ n ) n N such that whenever a weakly compact convex subset C of X possesses the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings, then ( x n ) n N converges to a fixed point of T for all xC and all nonexpansive mappings T:CC ?

Many partial answers have been given to this problem, we will only give a brief overview. The problem in its full generality is still open.

Wittmann [21] proved a result in 1992 which finally allowed for λ n = 1 n + 2 in Hilbert spaces. While Halpern’s proof relied on a limit theorem for a resolvent, Wittmann carried out a direct proof.

Theorem 3.2 (Wittmann [[21], Theorem 2])

Let C be a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space X and T:CC be a nonexpansive mapping with a fixed point. Assume ( λ n ) n N satisfies (D1.a), (D2.a) and (D3.a). Then for any xC, the Halpern iteration ( x n ) n N with u=xC converges to the projection Px of x on Fix(T).

The limit theorem on which Halpern’s proof relied was generalized to uniformly smooth Banach spaces by Reich in [22]. In [23], Reich proved the strong convergence of ( x n ) in the setting of uniformly smooth Banach spaces that have a weakly sequentially continuous duality map for decreasing sequences of ( λ n ) n N satisfying (D1.a) and (D2.a).

In 1997, Shioji and Takahashi [24] considered Banach spaces with uniformly Gâteaux-differentiable norm with a closed and convex subset C. They treated also the case ux for u,xC for nonexpansive mappings T:CC with a nonempty fixed point set and showed the convergence of ( x n ) n N to a fixed point if the conditions (D1.a), (D2.a) and (D3.a) held for ( λ n ) n N [0,1] and for 0<t<1, the sequence satisfying

z t :=tu+(1t)T z t

converges strongly to zFix(T) as t0. The existence of this sequence follows from Banach’s fixed point theorem.

In 2010, Saejung [7] considered the case of complete CAT(0) spaces, which are a generalization of Hilbert spaces as already mentioned above and showed that for closed and convex subsets C, T:CC nonexpansive with a nonempty fixed point set, and ( λ n ) n N (0,1) satisfying the conditions (D1.a), (D2.a) to (D3.a) or, alternatively, (D1.a), (D2.a) and lim n λ n λ n + 1 =1, Halpern iterations converge strongly to the fixed point of T nearest to u (for the case of the Hilbert ball, which is a CAT(0) space, see already [13] and - with further generalizations - [25]). Recently, Pia̧tek [26] has generalized - independently of Saejung’s work - Saejung’s result even to CAT(κ)-spaces with an argument which is new also for CAT(0) spaces and is more elementary than Saejung’s approach based on Banach limits (it would be of interest to carry out a quantitative analysis of this proof due to Pia̧tek). Saejung also studied Halpern iterations with finitely and countably many different nonexpansive mappings sharing a fixed point.

In 2011, Kohlenbach [27] considered Wittmann’s proof and the case of λ n := 1 n + 2 for all nN for Halpern iterations in Hilbert spaces. He extracted a rate of metastability in both bounded and unbounded domains C. Subsequently, Kohlenbach and Leuştean [1] gave an effective uniform rate of metastability for Halpern iterations in CAT(0) spaces by analyzing Saejung’s proof. They then treated arbitrary ( λ n ) n N satisfying (D1.a), either (D2.a) or (D4.a) and (D3.a) and the case of bounded C. As an intermediate step, they used (improved versions of) uniform effective rates of asymptotic regularity which were due to Leuştean [28] in 2007. In [2], Kohlenbach and Leuştean also develop a new metatheorem for real Banach spaces with a norm-to-norm uniformly continuous duality selection map. This metatheorem was then applied to the convergence proof of Halpern iterations by Shioji and Takahashi [24] for the extraction of rates of metastability in the setting of the metatheorem (though only relative to a given rate of metastability for the resolvent whose computation in this setting is still subject of ongoing research).

Kim and Xu [4] showed in 2005 the following result for their modified Halpern iteration from Definition 3.1:

Let C be a closed convex subset of a uniformly smooth Banach space X, and let T:CC be a nonexpansive mapping with nonempty fixed point set. Under the conditions (D1)-(D3) (a) + (b), ( x n ) n N converges strongly to a fixed point of T.

Independent of each other, Suzuki [29] in 2006 and Chidume and Chidume [30] in 2007 considered the following different iteration scheme:

x 0 :=xC, y n + 1 := α n u+(1 α n ) ( ( 1 β ) x n β T x n ) for nN,
(4)

for β(0,1). By ruling out β=1, they excluded original Halpern iterations in their scheme.

Let X be a Banach space with uniformly Gâteaux-differentiable norm, CX be a closed convex subset, T:CC be nonexpansive with a nonempty fixed point set, u,xC. They showed convergence of this scheme to a fixed point of T if ( λ n ) n N [0,1] satisfies (D1.a) and (D2.a) and if ( z t ) t ( 0 , 1 ) converges strongly to some point zC as t0, where z t is the unique element of C with z t =tu+(1t)T z t for every 0<t<1.

Note that Kim and Xu’s result does not permit this iteration scheme since a constant β(0,1) does not satisfy (D1.b).

In 2011, Cuntavepanit and Panyanak [3] generalized Kim and Xu’s result to CAT(0) spaces and eliminated the use of condition (D2.b). They considered C to be a nonempty closed convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, x,uC and T:CC to be a nonexpansive mapping with a nonempty fixed point set and showed strong convergence to the fixed point of T nearest to u of the modified Halpern iterations defined here under the conditions (D1.a), (D1.b), (D2.a), (D3.a) and (D3.b).

This scheme does not cover the schemes due to Suzuki and Chidume and Chidume, since the choice of ( α n ) as (1β) is not permitted because of (D1.a). Since in [3] (D2.b) is no longer used, modified Halpern iterations can be viewed as generalizations of Halpern iterations.

Cuntavepanit and Panyanak also considered a different iteration scheme: For ( α n ),( β n )[0,1], let

x 0 :=xC, x n + 1 := β n x n (1 β n ) ( α n u ( 1 α n ) T x n ) ,for nN,
(5)

and showed that the conditions (D1.b), (D2.b) and (D5) suffice for strong convergence in the above setting. We will call these iterations secondary modified Halpern iterations.

This scheme excludes original Halpern iterations. Setting for all nN,

β n :=(1 α n )(1β)and α n := α n / ( 1 β n )

this scheme includes Chidume and Chidume’s and Suzuki’s iteration scheme, though. The quantitative analysis of the convergence proof for (5) has to be left for future research.

4 Main results

Theorem 4.1 Let X be a complete CAT(0) space, CX be a closed convex subset, x,uC and T:CC be nonexpansive with a nonempty fixed point set. Let ( α n ) n N , ( β n ) n N [0,1] satisfy (D1.a) and (D1.b), (D2.a), (D3.a) and (D3.b). Then the modified Halpern iteration ( x n ) n N is Cauchy. Furthermore, let

Then for all ε(0,2) and g:NN,

NΣ(ε,g,M, γ α , γ β , ψ α , ψ β , θ β ),m,n [ N ; N + g ( N ) ] ( d ( x n , x m ) ε ) ,

where

Σ(ε,g,M, γ α , γ β , ψ α , ψ β , θ β ):= θ β + ( Γ 1 + ln ( 12 M 2 ε 2 ) ) +1,

with M4max{d(u,p),d(x,p)} for some pFix(T),

The other constants are

We now come to the metastability rates for the other set of conditions we consider for modified Halpern iterations.

Theorem 4.2 In the setting of Theorem  4.1, let ( α n ) n N [0,1] and ( β n ) n N [0,1) satisfy (D1.a) and (D1.b), (D3.a) and (D3.b), (D4.a). Then the modified Halpern iteration ( x n ) n N is Cauchy. Furthermore, let

θ β : Z 0 Z + be a rate of convergence of { n = 1 N ( 1 β n ) } towards 0.

Then for all ε(0,2) and g:NN,

NΣ(ε,g,M, γ α , γ β , ψ α , ψ β , θ β ),m,n [ N ; N + g ( N ) ] ( d ( x n , x m ) ε ) ,

where

Σ(ε,g,M, γ α , γ β , ψ α , ψ β , θ β ):=max { Θ k ( ε 2 / 4 ) : 1 ε 0 k f ˜ ( M 2 / ε 0 2 ) ( 0 ) + 1 ε 0 } ,

with M4max{d(u,p),d(x,p)} for pFix(T)

The other functionals and constants are defined as in Theorem  4.1.

Remark 4.3

  1. 1

    The bounds in Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 only differ from the ones obtained in [1] for the usual Halpern iteration and the case of bounded C by the new functionals Φ, Φ ˜ which reflect the modification in the iteration scheme and by the fact that instead of Mdiam(C) we only need M4max{d(u,p),d(x,p)}. Making only the latter change in the bounds in [1] yields rates of metastability for the usual Halpern iterations in the unbounded case.

  2. 2

    The extractability of bounds on metastability depending only on the arguments shown can be explained in terms of general logical metatheorems from [14, 31]. In particular, the fact that u, x, p and C, X, T only enter these bounds via M follows this way (note that we do not need any extra bound on d(x,T(x)) since d(x,T(x))d(x,p)+d(p,T(p))+d(T(p),T(x))2d(x,p)M). See [32] for details.

  3. 3

    Again general logical metatheorems from [14, 31] guarantee that the existence of a fixed point of T can be relaxed to the existence of arbitrarily good approximate fixed points in some fixed b-bounded neighborhood around x, where then M is taken to satisfy M4(d(u,x)+b)+1 (note that d(u,p)d(u,x)+d(x,p)d(u,x)+b and that - reasoning as in the previous point - d(x,T(x))2b+1M where, in fact, ‘+1’ can be replaced by an arbitrarily small positive number). See [32] for details.

  4. 4

    The assumption of the CAT(0)-space X to be complete and C to be closed is actually not necessary as can be seen by going to the metric completion X ˆ of X and the closure C ¯ of C in X ˆ , since T extends to a nonexpansive operator on C ¯ [[1], Remark 4.5.(ii)].

5 Estimates for modified Halpern iterations

We need bounds for modified Halpern iterations. Part of the following result can be deduced from the proof of [[3], Theorem 3.1].

Lemma 5.1 For modified Halpern iterations ( x n ) n N as in Definition  3.1, set y n := α n x n (1 α n )T x n for all nN. Then the following holds for n Z + in (1)-(3) and nN in (4)-(6):

  1. (1)

    d( x n + 1 , x n )(1 β n )d( y n , y n 1 )+| β n β n 1 |d(u, y n 1 ).

  2. (2)

    d( y n , y n 1 ) α n d( x n , x n 1 )+(1 α n )d( x n , x n 1 )+| α n α n 1 |d( x n 1 ,T x n 1 ).

  3. (3)

    d( x n + 1 , x n )(1 β n )d( x n , x n 1 )+(1 β n )| α n α n 1 |d( x n 1 ,T x n 1 )+| β n β n 1 | α n 1 d( x n 1 ,T x n 1 )+| β n β n 1 |d(u,T x n 1 ).

  4. (4)

    d( y n ,T x n ) α n d( x n ,T x n ).

  5. (5)

    d( x n + 1 ,T x n ) β n d(u,T x n )+(1 β n ) α n d( x n ,T x n ).

  6. (6)

    d( x n ,T x n )d( x n , x n + 1 )+ β n d(u,T x n )+(1 β n ) α n d( x n ,T x n ).

Proof (1) Let n Z + .

d ( x n + 1 , x n ) = d ( β n u ( 1 β n ) y n , β n 1 u ( 1 β n 1 ) y n 1 ) d ( β n u ( 1 β n ) y n , β n u ( 1 β n ) y n 1 ) + d ( β n u ( 1 β n ) y n 1 , β n 1 u ( 1 β n 1 ) y n 1 ) by the triangle inequality ( 1 β n ) d ( y n , y n 1 ) + β n d ( u , u ) + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , y n 1 ) by (W4) and (W2) from Definition 2.3 and 2.4 = ( 1 β n ) d ( y n , y n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , y n 1 ) = ( 1 β n ) d ( y n , y n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , α n 1 x n 1 ( 1 α n 1 ) T x n 1 ) .
  1. (2)

    Let n Z + .

    d ( y n , y n 1 ) = d ( α n x n ( 1 α n ) T x n , α n 1 x n 1 ( 1 α n 1 ) T x n 1 ) d ( α n x n ( 1 α n ) T x n , α n x n 1 ( 1 α n ) T x n ) + d ( α n x n 1 ( 1 α n ) T x n , α n x n 1 ( 1 α n ) T x n 1 ) + d ( α n x n 1 ( 1 α n ) T x n 1 , α n 1 x n 1 ( 1 α n 1 ) T x n 1 ) by the triangle inequality ( 1 α n ) d ( T x n , T x n ) = 0 + α n d ( x n , x n 1 ) + α n d ( x n 1 , x n 1 ) = 0 + ( 1 α n ) d ( T x n , T x n 1 ) + | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 )  by (W4) and (W2) from Definition 2.3 and 2.4 = α n d ( x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 α n ) d ( T x n , T x n 1 ) + | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) α n d ( x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 α n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) since  T  is nonexpansive.
  2. (3)

    Let n Z + .

    d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ( 1 β n ) d ( y n , y n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , α n 1 x n 1 ( 1 α n 1 ) T x n 1 ) by (1)  ( 1 β n ) [ α n d ( x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 α n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) ] + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , α n 1 x n 1 ( 1 α n 1 ) T x n 1 ) by (2)  ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 β n ) | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | α n 1 d ( u , x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | ( 1 α n 1 ) d ( u , T x n 1 ) by Corollary 2.2  ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 β n ) | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | α n 1 [ d ( u , x n 1 ) d ( u , T x n 1 ) ] + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , T x n 1 ) ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 β n ) | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | α n 1 d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , T x n 1 )  since  d ( u , x n 1 ) d ( u , T x n 1 ) + d ( T x n 1 , x n 1 ) .
  3. (4)

    Let nN. By Corollary 2.2,

    d ( y n , T x n ) = d ( α n x n ( 1 α n ) T x n , T x n ) α n d ( x n , T x n ) + ( 1 α n ) d ( T x n , T x n ) = α n d ( x n , T x n ) .
  4. (5)

    Let nN. Again, by Corollary 2.2,

    d ( x n + 1 , T x n ) = d ( β n u ( 1 β n ) y n , T x n ) β n d ( u , T x n ) + ( 1 β n ) d ( y n , T x n ) β n d ( u , T x n ) + ( 1 β n ) α n d ( x n , T x n ) by (4).
  5. (6)

    Let nN. By the triangle inequality,

    d ( x n , T x n ) d ( x n , x n + 1 ) + d ( x n + 1 , T x n ) d ( x n , x n + 1 ) + β n d ( u , T x n ) + ( 1 β n ) α n d ( x n , T x n ) by (5).

 □

For the general case of unbounded C, we also need some bound considerations, setting

(6)
(7)
(8)

for a fixed point p of T. Some parts of the next lemma are already implicit in the proof of [[4], Theorem 1].

Lemma 5.2 Consider the modified Halpern iterations ( x n ) n N . We define y n := α n x n (1 α n )T x n for all nN. Take pFix(T). Then the following hold for nN:

  1. (1)

    d( y n ,p)d( x n ,p).

  2. (2)

    d( x n + 1 ,p) β n d(u,p)+(1 β n )d( x n ,p).

  3. (3)

    d( x n ,p) M 0 . Hence ( x n ) n N and ( y n ) n N are bounded.

  4. (4)

    d(T x n ,p)d( x n ,p) M 0 .

  5. (5)

    d( x n ,T x n )2 M 0 M 2 .

  6. (6)

    d( x n ,u)2 M 0 M 2 .

  7. (7)

    d(u,Tu)2d(u,p)= M 1 M 2 .

  8. (8)

    d(T x n ,u) M 2 .

  9. (9)

    d( x n + 1 , x n )2 M 0 M 2 .

Proof (1) Let nN.

d ( y n , p ) = d ( α n x n ( 1 α n ) T x n , p ) , α n d ( x n , p ) + ( 1 α n ) d ( T x n , p ) by Corollary 2.2 α n d ( x n , p ) + ( 1 α n ) d ( x n , p ) since  T  is nonexpansive = d ( x n , p ) .
  1. (2)

    Let nN.

    d ( x n + 1 , p ) = d ( β n u ( 1 β n ) y n , p ) β n d ( u , p ) + ( 1 β n ) d ( y n , p ) by Corollary 2.2 β n d ( u , p ) + ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , p ) by (1).
  2. (3)

    The induction start is trivial. For nN the following holds:

    d ( x n + 1 , p ) β n d ( u , p ) + ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , p ) by (2) β n d ( u , p ) + ( 1 β n ) M 0 by I.H., M 0 .
  3. (4)

    This follows since T is nonexpansive using (3).

  4. (5)

    For nN, d( x n ,T x n )d( x n ,p)+d(p,T x n )2 M 0 M 2 using (3), (4).

  5. (6)

    For nN, d( x n ,u)d( x n ,p)+d(u,p)2 M 0 M 2 using (3).

  6. (7)

    d(u,Tu)d(u,p)+d(p,Tu)2d(u,p)= M 1 M 2 .

  7. (8)

    Let nN.

    d ( T x n , u ) d ( T x n , T u ) + d ( T u , u ) d ( x n , u ) + d ( u , T u ) 2 M 0 + M 1 M 2 .
  8. (9)

    For nN, d( x n + 1 , x n )d( x n + 1 ,p)+d( x n ,p)2 M 0 M 2 . □

6 Effective rates of asymptotic regularity

In this section we give the actual quantitative convergence results. In the following let (X,d) be a CAT(0) space. The results hold also true if we consider a W-hyperbolic space (X,d,W). Let C be a convex subset of X. Let T:CC be nonexpansive.

The following proposition is the quantitative version of [[3], Theorem 3.1].

Proposition 6.1 In the setting of Theorem  4.1, ( x n ) n N is an approximate fixed point sequence and lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0. More precisely, for all ε(0,2),

n Φ ˜ ,d( x n , x n + 1 )εandnΦ,d( x n ,T x n )ε,

where

where M 2 4max{d(u,p),d(x,p)} for a pFix(T).

Proof We want to apply [[1], Lemma 5.5]. For all n Z + , we know

(9)
(10)

By Lemma 5.1(3), we have for all n Z +

d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 β n ) | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | α n 1 d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , T x n 1 ) ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + | α n α n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | d ( x n 1 , T x n 1 ) + | β n β n 1 | d ( u , T x n 1 ) ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + M 2 [ | α n α n 1 | + 2 | β n β n 1 | ] .
(11)

We set for all n Z +

Then for all n Z +

s n + 1 = d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ( 1 β n ) d ( x n , x n 1 ) + M 2 [ | α n α n 1 | + 2 | β n β n 1 | ] by (11) = ( 1 a n ) s n + b n .
(12)

The sequence ( s n ) is a priori bounded by M 2 2 by Lemma 5.2(9). But we know also by assumption that

We have fulfilled the requirements of [[1], Lemma 5.5(i)]. Thus,

ε(0,2),n Φ ˜ s n ε,

where

It remains to determine Φ. By Lemma 5.1(6), (9) and (10), we have

d ( x n , T x n ) d ( x n , x n + 1 ) + β n d ( u , T x n ) + ( 1 β n ) 1 α n d ( x n , T x n ) d ( x n , x n + 1 ) + ( β n + α n ) M 2 .

We can define a rate of convergence

γ:(0,) Z + ,with γ(ε)=max { γ α ( ε 2 M 2 ) , γ β ( ε 2 M 2 ) }

such that the second term on the right becomes less than ε. For our bound, we then need to consider γ( ε 2 ) so that the term on the right side becomes less than ε 2 . In total, we get for all ε(0,2) and for all nΦ, we have d( x n ,T x n )ε, where

 □

We can also consider the case in which (D2.a) is replaced by (D4.a). This case was not considered by Cuntavepanit and Panyanak [3].

Proposition 6.2 In the setting of Theorem  4.2, ( x n ) n N is an approximate fixed point sequence and lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=0. More precisely, for all ε(0,2),

n Φ ˜ ,d( x n , x n + 1 )εandnΦ,d( x n ,T x n )ε,

where

where M 2 =4max{d(u,p),d(x,p)} for p a fixed point of T and

Proof We want to use [[1], Lemma 5.5(ii)]. We set again for n Z + ,

Then the main condition of [[1], Lemma 5.5] is fulfilled by (12), since the sequences ( a n ), ( s n ) and ( b n ) were chosen the same.

The sequence ( s n ) is a priori bounded by M 2 2 by Lemma 5.2(9). But also,

defined as γ:(0,) Z + ,

γ(ε):=max { ψ α ( ε 2 M 2 ) , ψ β ( ε 4 M 2 ) } .

Then the conditions for Lemma [[1], Lemma 5.5(ii)] are fulfilled, and we obtain the desired rate Φ ˜ . The rate Φ is obtained as in Proposition 6.1. □

7 Quantitative properties of an approximate fixed point sequence

Cuntavepanit and Panyanak’s proof contains a lemma that uses the existence of Banach limits similar to the Banach limit lemma used in Saejung [7]. To make a current metatheorem applicable, this lemma has to be replaced in the proof. This can be done in the same way as carried out in [1].

Let X be a complete CAT(0) space, CX be a closed convex subset and T:CC be a nonexpansive mapping. For t(0,1) and uC, consider

T t u :CC, T t u y=tu(1t)Ty.
(13)

One can easily see that T t u is a strict contraction with a contractive constant L=1t. Thus, T t u has a unique fixed point z t u C by Banach’s fixed point theorem. Hence, z t u solves the following equation uniquely:

z t u =tu(1t)T z t u .
(14)

The following proposition is our substitute for the use of Banach limits in convergence proofs of modified Halpern iterations.

Proposition 7.1 (See also [[1], Proposition 9.1] for the bounded case)

Let ( y n ) n N be a sequence in C, uC, t(0,1), and let z t u be as defined in (14). Define for all n Z + ,

γ n t :=(1t)d ( u , T z t u ) 2 d ( y n , u ) 2 .
(15)

Let M Z + be such that d( z t u , y n ),d( y n ,T y n ),d( y n ,u)M holds for all n Z + . Assume that ( y n ) n N is asymptotically regular and lim n d( y n , y n + 1 )=0. Then

lim sup n γ n t 0.

Furthermore, if φ is a rate of asymptotic regularity of ( y n ) n N and φ ˜ is a rate of convergence of ( d ( y n , y n + 1 ) ) n N towards 0, then lim sup n γ n t 0 with an effective rate ψ defined by

ψ(ε,t,M,φ, φ ˜ )= φ ˜ ( ε 2 M ( P ( ε / 2 , t , M , φ ) + 1 ) ) +P(ε/2,t,M,φ),

where

P(ε,t,M,φ)= 6 M 2 t ε φ ( t ε 6 M ) .

Proof The result follows from the proof given in [1] by collecting all the instances of Mdiam(C) used in that proof. □

Proposition 7.2 ([[1], Proposition 9.3])

Let ( t k ) n N (0,1) be non-increasing. For kN let z t k u be defined as in (14). Let the set C be bounded with diam(C)MN. Then for all ε>0 and g:NN, the following holds:

K 0 K(ε,g,M),i,j [ K 0 , K 0 + g ( K 0 ) ] ( d ( z t i u , z t j u ) ε ) ,

where

K(ε,g,M):= g ˜ M 2 / ε 2 (0),
(16)

and g ˜ (k):=k+g(k).

Proof For the case of Hilbert spaces, the bound is extracted in [27] from Halpern’s proof of the convergence of ( z t u ). Since that proof extends unchanged to CAT(0) spaces, as remarked by Kirk [33], the same is true for the extracted bound. □

Lemma 7.3 (Compare Saejung [[7], Lemma 2.2])

Let z t u be defined as in Eq. (14). If Fix(T), then

d ( p , z t u ) d(p,u), for pFix(T).

In particular, d(u, z t u ),d( x n , z t u ),d(u,T z t u ) M 2 for all nN.

Proof Let pFix(T). Then

d ( p , z t u ) = d ( p , t u ( 1 t ) T z t u ) t d ( p , u ) + ( 1 t ) d ( p , T z t u ) by Corollary 2.2 t d ( p , u ) + ( 1 t ) d ( p , z t u ) .

Hence, d(p, z t u )d(p,u).

Then, by the definition of M 0 in (6) and by Lemma 5.2(3),

for all nN. □

With this result, we can generalize Proposition 7.2 to unbounded domains given a fixed point p of T.

Corollary 7.4 In the situation of Proposition  7.2, the conclusion also holds if C is unbounded and T has a nonempty fixed point set. In this case, the bound M can be replaced by M 2 .

Proof By the logical analysis of Halpern’s proof [[18], Theorem 1] in [[27], Theorem 4.2], one can replace the bound M on the diameter by a bound on d( z t u ,u). If we have a fixed point p of T at our disposal, we can take this bound to be M 2 4max{d(u,p),d(x,p)} by Lemma 7.3. □

The next lemma for modified Halpern iterations interestingly is precisely of the form proved for the usual Halpern iterations (for bounded C) in [[1], Lemma 9.2] though the proof is different.

Lemma 7.5 Let u,xC and ( x n ) n N be the modified Halpern iterations as in Definition  3.1. Then for all t(0,1) and n0,

d ( x n + 1 , z t u ) 2 (1 β n )d ( x n , z t u ) 2 + β n ( ( 1 t ) d ( u , T z t u ) 2 d ( x n + 1 , u ) 2 ) + M 2 2 t,

with M 2 :=4max{d(u,p),d(x,p)}.

Proof Let nN and t(0,1) be given.

We need the following inequalities which follow from (2):

(17)
(18)

 □

Proof of Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 concluded

The proof of Theorem 4.1 (and also of Theorem 4.2) is essentially the same as the proof of the existence of a rate of metastability for ordinary Halpern iterations in the case of bounded C by Kohlenbach and Leuştean [[1], Theorem 4.2] replacing the rates of asymptotic regularity Φ, Φ ˜ used in [1] by the new ones we obtained in Section 6. This is due to the fact that despite the different iteration scheme at hand, Lemma 7.5 (though by a different proof) is identical to [[1], Lemma 9.2]. The only other thing we have to check is that we can use the bound M:= M 2 4max{d(u,p),d(x,p)} in Proposition 7.1. This, however, follows from Lemma 7.3 and Lemma 5.2(5) and (6).

References

  1. Kohlenbach U, Leuştean L: Effective metastability of Halpern iterates in CAT(0) spaces. Adv. Math. 2012, 231: 2525–2556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Kohlenbach U, Leuştean L: On the computational content of convergence proofs via Banach limits. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2012, 370: 3449–3463. 10.1098/rsta.2011.0329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cuntavepanit A, Panyanak B: Strong convergence of modified Halpern iterations in CAT(0) spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2011., 2011: Article ID 869458

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kim T-H, Xu H-K: Strong convergence of modified Mann iterations. Nonlinear Anal. 2005, 61: 51–60. 10.1016/j.na.2004.11.011

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Tao, T: Soft analysis, hard analysis, and the finite convergence principle. Blog entry. http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2007/05/23/soft-analysis-hard-analysis-and-the-finite-convergence-principle/. Acessed 20 April 2010. Also published 2009 in [15]

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kohlenbach U Springer Monographs in Mathematics. In Applied Proof Theory. Proof Interpretations and Their Use in Mathematics. Springer, Berlin; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Saejung S: Halpern’s iteration in CAT(0) spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2010., 2010: Article ID 471781

    Google Scholar 

  8. Avigad J, Gerhardy P, Towsner H: Local stability of ergodic averages. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 2010, 362: 261–288.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Gromov M: Hyperbolic groups. In Essays in Group Theory. Edited by: Gersten S. Springer, New York; 1987:75–263.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Bridson MR, Haefliger A Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften. In Metric Spaces of Non-Positive Curvature. Springer, Berlin; 2010. Softcover reprint of hardcover 1st ed. 1999

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dhompongsa S, Panyanak B: On Δ-convergence theorems in CAT(0) spaces. Comput. Math. Appl. 2008, 56: 2572–2579. 10.1016/j.camwa.2008.05.036

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Takahashi W: A convexity in metric space and nonexpansive mappings. Kodai Math. Semin. Rep. 1970, 22: 142–149. 10.2996/kmj/1138846111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Goebel K, Reich S Monographs and Textbooks in Pure and Applied Mathematics. In Uniform Convexity, Hyperbolic Geometry, and Nonexpansive Mappings. Dekker, New York; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kohlenbach U: Some logical metatheorems with applications in functional analysis. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 2005, 357: 89–128. 10.1090/S0002-9947-04-03515-9

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Tao T: Structure and Randomness: Pages from Year One of a Mathematical Blog. Am. Math. Soc., Boston; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kreisel G: On the interpretation of non-finitist proofs. Part 1. J. Symb. Log. 1951, 16: 241–267. 10.2307/2267908

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Kreisel G: On the interpretation of non-finitist proofs. Part 2. J. Symb. Log. 1952, 17: 43–58. 10.2307/2267457

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. Halpern B: Fixed points of nonexpanding maps. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 1967, 73: 957–961. 10.1090/S0002-9904-1967-11864-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lions P-L: Approximation de points fixes de contractions. C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. A 1977, 284: A1357-A1359.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Reich S: Some problems and results in fixed point theory. Topological Methods in Nonlinear Functional Analysis 21. In Contemporary Mathematics Edited by: Singh S, Thomeier S, Watson B. 1983, 179–187.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Wittmann R: Approximation of fixed points of nonexpansive mappings. Arch. Math. (Basel) 1992, 58: 486–491. 10.1007/BF01190119

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Reich S: Strong convergence theorems for resolvents of accretive operators in Banach spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1980, 75: 287–292. 10.1016/0022-247X(80)90323-6

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Reich S: Approximating fixed points of nonexpansive mappings. Panam. Math. J. 1994, 4: 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Shioji N, Takahashi W: Strong convergence of approximated sequences for nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1997, 125: 3641–3645. 10.1090/S0002-9939-97-04033-1

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Kopecka E, Reich S: A note on the approximation of fixed points in the Hilbert ball. J. Nonlinear Convex Anal. 2008, 9: 361–367.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Pia̧tek B: Halpern iteration in CAT( κ ) spaces. Acta Math. Sin. Engl. Ser. 2011, 27: 635–646. 10.1007/s10114-011-9312-7

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Kohlenbach U: On quantitative versions of theorems due to F.E. Browder and R. Wittmann. Adv. Math. 2011, 226: 2764–2795. 10.1016/j.aim.2010.10.002

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Leuştean L: Rates of asymptotic regularity for Halpern iterations of nonexpansive mappings. J. Univers. Comput. Sci. 2007, 13: 1680–1691.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Suzuki T: A sufficient and necessary condition for Halpern-type strong convergence to fixed points of nonexpansive mappings. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 2007, 135: 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Chidume CE, Chidume CO: Iterative approximation of fixed points of nonexpansive mappings. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2006, 318: 288–295. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.05.023

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  31. Gerhardy P, Kohlenbach U: General logical metatheorems for functional analysis. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 2008, 360: 2615–2660.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. Schade, KC: Proof mining for Halpern iterations in CAT(0) spaces. Master thesis, TU, Darmstadt (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kirk W: Geodesic geometry and fixed point theory. 64. In Seminar of Mathematical Analysis. University of Sevilla Secretary, Sevilla; 2003:195–225. Malaga, Seville, 2002-2003

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The 2nd author has been supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG Project KO 1737/5-1).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to U Kohlenbach.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

This paper is based on parts of the master thesis of the first author written under the supervision of the second author. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schade, K., Kohlenbach, U. Effective metastability for modified Halpern iterations in CAT(0) spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 191 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-191

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-191

Keywords