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Implicit Mann approximation with perturbations for nonexpansive semigroups in CAT(0) spaces

Abstract

In this paper, we study the convergence of implicit Mann iteration processes with bounded perturbations for approximating a common fixed point of nonexpansive semigroup in CAT(0) spaces. We obtain the -convergence results of implicit Mann iteration schemes with bounded perturbations for a family of nonexpansive mappings in CAT(0) spaces. Under certain and different conditions, we also get the strong convergence theorems of implicit Mann iteration schemes with bounded perturbations for nonexpansive semigroups in CAT(0) spaces. The results presented in this paper extend and enrich the existing literature.

MSC:47H05, 47H10, 47J25.

1 Introduction

Let (X,d) be a metric space and K be a subset of X. A mapping T:KX is said to be nonexpansive if d(Tx,Ty)d(x,y) for all x,yK. We denote the set of all nonnegative real numbers by R + and the set of all fixed points of T by F(T), i.e.,

F(T)={xK:Tx=x}.

For each nN, let T n :KK be nonexpansive mappings and denote the common fixed points set of the family { T n } by n = 1 F( T n ). A family of mappings { T n } is said to be uniformly asymptotically regular if, for any bounded subset B of K,

lim n sup z B d ( T n z , T i ( T n z ) ) =0

for all iN.

A nonexpansive semigroup is a family

Γ:= { T ( t ) : t 0 }

of mappings T(t) on K such that

  1. (1)

    T(s+t)x=T(s)(T(t)x) for all xK and s,t0;

  2. (2)

    T(t):KK is nonexpansive for each t0;

  3. (3)

    for each xK, the mapping T()x from R + to K is continuous.

We denote by F(Γ) the common fixed points set of nonexpansive semigroup Γ, i.e.,

F(Γ)= t R + F ( T ( t ) ) = { x X : T ( t ) x = x  for each  t 0 } .

Note that, if K is a nonempty, compact and convex subset of a Banach space, then F(Γ) is nonempty (see [13]).

A geodesic from x to y in X is a mapping Ψ from a closed interval [0,l]R to X such that Ψ(0)=x, Ψ(l)=y and d(Ψ(t),Ψ( t ))=|t t | for all t, t [0,l]. In particular, Ψ is an isometry and d(x,y)=l. The image Θ of Ψ is called a geodesic (or metric) segment joining x and y. The space (X,d) is said to be a geodesic space if any two points of X are joined by a geodesic segment, and X is said to be uniquely geodesic if there is exactly one geodesic joining x and y for any x,yX, which is denoted by [x,y] and is called the segment joining x and y. A subset K of a geodesic space X is said to be convex if for any x,yK, [x,y]K.

A geodesic triangle ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) in a geodesic metric space (X,d) consists of three points x 1 , x 2 , x 3 in X (the vertices of ) and a geodesic segment between each pair of vertices (the edges of ). A comparison triangle for the geodesic triangle ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) in (X,d) is a triangle ¯ ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )=( x ¯ 1 , x ¯ 2 , x ¯ 3 ) in R 2 such that d R 2 ( x ¯ i , x ¯ j )=d( x i , x j ) for all i,j{1,2,3}. It is known that such a triangle always exists (see [4]). A geodesic space is said to be a CAT(0) space if all geodesic triangles of appropriate size satisfy the following comparison axiom (CA):

(CA) Let be a geodesic triangle in (X,d) and let ¯ R 2 be a comparison triangle for . Then is said to satisfy the CAT(0) inequality if, for all x,y and all comparison points x ¯ , y ¯ ¯ ,

d(x,y)d( x ¯ , y ¯ ).

The complete CAT(0) spaces are often called Hadamard spaces (see [5]). For any x,yX, we denote by αx(1α)y the unique point z[x,y] which satisfies

d ( x , α x ( 1 α ) y ) =(1α)d(x,y)andd ( y , α x ( 1 α ) y ) =αd(x,y).

It is known that if (X,d) is a CAT(0) space and x,yX, then for any β[0,1], there exists a unique point βx(1β)y[x,y]. For any zX, the following inequality holds:

d ( z , β x ( 1 β ) y ) βd(z,x)+(1β)d(z,y),

where βx(1β)y[x,y] (for metric spaces of hyperbolic type, see [6]).

Recently, Cho et al. [7] studied the strong convergence of an explicit Mann iteration sequence { z n } for approximating a common fixed point of Γ in a CAT(0) space, where { z n } is generated by the following iterative scheme for a nonexpansive semigroup Γ={T(t):t R + }:

z 0 K, z n =α z n 1 (1α)T( t n ) z n 1 ,n1,

where α(0,1) and { t n } R + . The existence of fixed points, an invariant approximation and convergence theorems for several mappings in CAT(0) spaces have been studied by many authors (see [819]).

On the other hand, Thong [20] considered an implicit Mann iteration process for a nonexpansive semigroup Γ={T(t):t R + } on a closed convex subset C of a Banach space, as follows:

x 0 C, x n = α n x n 1 +(1 α n )T( t n ) x n ,n1.
(1.1)

Under different conditions, Thong [20] proved the weak convergence and strong convergence results of implicit Mann iteration scheme (1.1) for nonexpansive semigroups in certain Banach spaces. In the last twenty years, many authors have studied the convergence of implicit iteration sequences for nonexpansive mappings, nonexpansive semigroups and pseudocontractive semigroups in Banach spaces (see [2124] and the references therein). Readers may consult [11, 25, 26] for the convergence of Ishikawa iteration sequences for nonexpansive mappings and nonexpansive semigroups in certain Banach spaces. In the literature of approximating convergence for nonexpansive mappings and nonexpansive semigroups in CAT(0) spaces, explicit iteration schemes are very abundant but implicit iteration process remains unaddressed. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the convergence of implicit Mann type process with perturbations for nonexpansive semigroups in CAT(0) spaces.

Motivated and inspired by the work mentioned above, we consider the following implicit Mann iteration scheme with perturbations { u n } for a family of nonexpansive mappings in a CAT(0) space:

x 0 K, x n = α n x n 1 (1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n ) ,n1,
(1.2)

where { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] are given sequences of real numbers, { u n } is a bounded sequence in K. We prove that { x n } generated by (1.2) is -convergent to some point in n = 1 F( T n ) under appropriate conditions. We also consider the following implicit Mann iteration process with perturbations { u n } for a nonexpansive semigroup Γ={T(t):t0} in a CAT(0) space:

x 0 K, x n = α n x n 1 (1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) T ( t n ) x n θ n u n ) ,n1,
(1.3)

where { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] are given sequences of real numbers, { u n } is a bounded sequence in K. Under various and appropriate conditions, we obtain that { x n } generated by (1.3) converges strongly to a common fixed point of Γ. We extend the strong convergence result in [20] and establish the -convergence results of implicit Mann type approximation for nonexpansive semigroups in CAT(0) spaces.

2 Definitions and lemmas

Let { x n } be a bounded sequence in a CAT(0) space (X,d). For any xX, denote

r ( x , { x n } ) = lim sup n d(x, x n ).
  1. (i)

    r({ x n })=inf{r(x, x n ):xX} is called the asymptotic radius of { x n };

  2. (ii)

    r K ({ x n })=inf{r(x, x n ):xK} is called the asymptotic radius of { x n } with respect to K;

  3. (iii)

    the set A({ x n })={xX:r(x,{ x n })=r({ x n })} is called the asymptotic center of { x n };

  4. (iv)

    the set A K ({ x n })={xK:r(x,{ x n })= r K ({ x n })} is called the asymptotic center of { x n } with respect to K.

Definition 2.1 [13, 27]

A sequence { x n } in a CAT(0) space X is said to be -convergent to a point x in X, if x is the unique asymptotic center of { x n j } for all subsequences { x n j }{ x n }. In this case, we write - lim n x n =x and x is called the -limit of { x n }.

For the sake of convenience, we restate the following lemmas that shall be used.

Lemma 2.1 [11]

Let (X,d) be a CAT(0) space. Then,

d ( ( 1 t ) x t y , z ) (1t)d(x,z)+td(y,z)

for all x,y,zX and t[0,1].

Lemma 2.2 [11]

Let (X,d) be a CAT(0) space. Then,

[ d ( ( 1 t ) x t y , z ) ] 2 (1t) [ d ( x , z ) ] 2 +t [ d ( y , z ) ] 2 t(1t) [ d ( x , y ) ] 2

for all x,y,zX and t[0,1].

Lemma 2.3 [11]

Let K be a closed convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space and T:KK be a nonexpansive mapping. Suppose that { x n } is a bounded sequence in K such that lim n d( x n ,T x n )=0 and {d( x n ,p)} converges for all pF(T). Then, ω w ( x n )=A({ x n j })F(T), where the union is taken over all subsequences { x n j } of { x n }. Moreover, ω w ( x n ) consists of exactly one point.

Lemma 2.4 [7]

Let { z n } and { w n } be bounded sequences in a CAT(0) space X. Let { α n } be a sequence in [0,1] such that 0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1. Define z n = α n z n 1 (1 α n ) w n for all nN and suppose that

lim sup n [ d ( w n + 1 , w n ) d ( z n + 1 , z n ) ] 0.

Then lim n d( w n , z n )=0.

Lemma 2.5 [26]

Let { a n }, { α n } and { β n } be sequences of nonnegative real numbers such that

a n + 1 (1+ α n ) a n + β n ,n n 0 ,

where n 0 is some nonnegative integer. If α n <+ and β n <+, then lim n a n exists.

3 Main results

To focus on the convergence results of this present paper, it is necessary to show that the sequences generated by implicit Mann iteration processes (1.2) and (1.3) are well defined.

Lemma 3.1 Let K be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X and T n :KK be nonexpansive mappings. Suppose that { u n } is a bounded sequence in K, { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] are given parameter sequences. Then the sequence { x n } generated by implicit Mann iteration process (1.2) is well defined.

Proof For each nN and any given u,vK, define a mapping S n :KK by

S n x:= α n u(1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x θ n v ) ,n1.

It can be verified that for each fixed nN, S n is a contractive mapping. Indeed, if setting p n =(1 θ n ) T n x θ n v and q n =(1 θ n ) T n y θ n v, then we have S n x= α n u(1 α n ) p n and S n y= α n u(1 α n ) q n . It follows from Lemmas 2.2 and 2.1 that

[ d ( S n x , S n y ) ] 2 = [ d ( S n x , α n u ( 1 α n ) q n ) ] 2 ( 1 α n ) [ d ( S n x , q n ) ] 2 + α n [ d ( S n x , u ) ] 2 α n ( 1 α n ) [ d ( u , q n ) ] 2 ( 1 α n ) { ( 1 α n ) [ d ( p n , q n ) ] 2 + α n [ d ( u , q n ) ] 2 α n ( 1 α n ) [ d ( u , p n ) ] 2 } + α n ( 1 α n ) 2 [ d ( p n , u ) ] 2 α n ( 1 α n ) [ d ( u , q n ) ] 2 = ( 1 α n ) 2 [ d ( p n , q n ) ] 2 .

Consequently, we have that d( S n x, S n y)(1 α n )d( p n , q n ) and d( p n , q n )(1 θ n )d( T n x, T n y)(1 θ n )d(x,y). Thus,

d( S n x, S n y)(1 α n )(1 θ n )d(x,y),

which shows that for each nN, S n is a contractive mapping. By induction, Banach’s fixed theorem yields that the sequence { x n } generated by (1.2) is well defined. This completes the proof. □

We need the following lemma for our main results. The analogs of [7], Lemma 3.1] and [28], Lemma 2.2] are given below. We sketch the proof here for the convenience of the reader.

Lemma 3.2 Let K be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, { u n } be a bounded sequence in K and T n :KK be nonexpansive mappings. Let { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] be given sequences such that 0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1. Suppose that { x n } generated by (1.2) is bounded (or, equivalently, { T n x n } is bounded) and either

lim n d( T n + 1 x n , T n x n )=0or lim n d( T n + 1 x n + 1 , T n x n + 1 )=0

holds. If lim n θ n =0, then lim n d( T n x n , x n )=0.

Proof First, we show the equivalence between the boundedness of { x n } and the boundedness of { T n x n }. If { x n } is bounded, then set

M 1 =sup { d ( x n , x ) : n N } <+, M 2 =sup { d ( u n , x ) : n N } <+

for some given point xX and α= lim inf n α n >0, β= lim sup n α n <1. Setting 0<a<αβ<b<1, we know that there exists n 1 N such that for all n n 1 ,

θ n 2/3,0<a< α n <b<1.
(3.1)

It follows from Lemma 2.1 that

d ( T n x n , x ) d ( T n x n , x n ) + d ( x n , x ) = d ( T n x n , α n x n 1 ( 1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n ) ) + d ( x n , x ) α n d ( T n x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 α n ) d ( T n x n , ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n ) + d ( x n , x ) α n d ( T n x n , x n 1 ) + ( 1 α n ) θ n d ( T n x n , u n ) + d ( x n , x ) α n d ( T n x n , x ) + α n d ( x n 1 , x ) + ( 1 α n ) θ n [ d ( T n x n , x ) + d ( u n , x ) ] + d ( x n , x ) [ α n + ( 1 α n ) θ n ] d ( T n x n , x ) + d ( x n 1 , x ) + d ( u n , x ) + d ( x n , x ) .

Hence, for all n n 1 , from (3.1) we have

d ( T n x n , x ) 1 ( 1 α n ) ( 1 θ n ) [ d ( x n 1 , x ) + d ( u n , x ) + d ( x n , x ) ] ( 6 M 1 + 3 M 2 ) / ( 1 b ) ,

which means that { T n x n } is bounded.

Conversely, if { T n x n } is bounded, then set

Q 1 =sup { d ( T n x n , x ) : n N } <+and M 2 =sup { d ( u n , x ) : n N } <+

for some given point xX. Denote Q=max{ Q 1 , M 2 }. From Lemma 2.1, we have

d ( x n , x ) = d ( α n x n 1 ( 1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n ) , x ) α n d ( x n 1 , x ) + ( 1 α n ) ( 1 θ n ) d ( T n x n , x ) + ( 1 α n ) θ n d ( u n , x ) α n d ( x n 1 , x ) + ( 1 α n ) Q max { d ( x n 1 , x ) , Q } .

By induction, we know that d( x n ,x)max{d( x 1 ,x),Q}, which shows that { x n } is bounded.

Then, we prove Lemma 3.2. If lim n d( T n + 1 x n , T n x n )=0, then we have

(3.2)

Similarly, if lim n d( T n + 1 x n + 1 , T n x n + 1 )=0, then from inequality (3.2) we have

lim sup n [ d ( ( 1 θ n + 1 ) T n + 1 x n + 1 θ n + 1 u n + 1 , ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n ) d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ] lim sup n [ d ( ( 1 θ n + 1 ) T n + 1 x n + 1 θ n + 1 u n + 1 , T n + 1 x n + 1 ) + d ( T n + 1 x n + 1 , T n x n + 1 ) + d ( T n x n + 1 , T n x n ) + d ( T n x n , ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n T n x n + 1 ) d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ] lim sup n [ θ n + 1 d ( u n + 1 , T n + 1 x n + 1 ) + θ n d ( T n x n , T n x n + 1 ) ] = 0 .

It follows from Lemma 2.4 that lim n d((1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n , x n )=0. Note that

lim n d ( x n , T n x n ) lim n [ d ( x n , ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n ) + d ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n , T n x n ) ] lim n [ d ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n , x n ) + θ n d ( u n , T n x n ) ] lim n [ d ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n , x n ) + θ n ( d ( u n , x ) + d ( T n x n , x ) ) ] lim n [ d ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n , x n ) + ( M 2 + Q 1 ) θ n ] = 0 .

We have that lim n d( T n x n , x n )=0. This completes the proof. □

As a direct consequence of Lemma 3.2, the following lemma is immediate.

Lemma 3.3 Let K be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, { u n } be a bounded sequence in K and T n :KK be nonexpansive mappings. Let { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] be given sequences such that 0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1. Suppose that { x n } generated by (1.2) is bounded (or, equivalently, { T n x n } is bounded) and

lim n sup x K d( T n + 1 x, T n x)=0

holds. If lim n θ n =0, then lim n d( T n x n , x n )=0.

We now present our main results. The following theorem discusses the -convergence of implicit Mann iteration sequence (1.2) with perturbations for a family of nonexpansive mappings in CAT(0) spaces.

Theorem 3.1 Let K be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, and T n :KK be uniformly asymptotically regular and nonexpansive mappings such that n = 1 F( T n ). Let { u n } be a bounded sequence in K, { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] be given sequences such that 0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1. Then the sequence { x n } generated by (1.2) is well defined. Suppose that n = 1 θ n <+ and either

lim n d( T n + 1 x n , T n x n )=0or lim n d( T n + 1 x n + 1 , T n x n + 1 )=0

holds. Then { x n } -converges to some point in n = 1 F( T n ).

Proof By Lemma 3.1, we know that the sequence { x n } generated by (1.2) is well defined. For any p n = 1 F( T n ), from (1.2) and Lemma 2.1, we have

d ( x n , p ) = d ( α n x n 1 ( 1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) T n x n θ n u n ) , p ) α n d ( x n 1 , p ) + ( 1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) d ( T n x n , p ) + θ n d ( u n , p ) ) α n d ( x n 1 , p ) + ( 1 α n ) ( 1 θ n ) d ( x n , p ) + ( 1 α n ) θ n d ( u n , p ) .

Since α n 1(1 α n )(1 θ n ), it follows from (3.1) that for all n n 1 ,

d( x n ,p)d( x n 1 ,p)+ ( 1 α n ) θ n 1 ( 1 α n ) ( 1 θ n ) d( u n ,p)d( x n 1 ,p)+ 1 a θ n d( u n ,p).
(3.3)

Since n = 1 θ n <+ and { u n } is bounded, Lemma 2.5 yields that {d( x n ,p)} converges and thus { x n } is bounded.

Applying Lemma 3.2, we have lim n d( x n , T n x n )=0. We prove that for each iN,

lim n d( x n , T i x n )=0.

Because the family of nonexpansive mappings { T i } is uniformly asymptotically regular, we have

d ( x n , T i x n ) d ( x n , T n x n ) + d ( T n x n , T i ( T n x n ) ) + d ( T i ( T n x n ) , T i x n ) 2 d ( x n , T n x n ) + sup z { x n } d ( T n z , T i ( T n z ) ) 0 .

Since {d( x n ,p)} converges for any p n = 1 F( T n ), an application of Lemma 2.3 yields that ω w ( x n ) consists of exactly one point and is contained in F( T i ), for all iN. This shows that { x n } -converges to some point in n = 1 F( T n ). This completes the proof. □

By Lemma 3.3 and Theorem 3.1, the following theorem holds trivially.

Theorem 3.2 Let K be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, and T n :KK be uniformly asymptotically regular and nonexpansive mappings such that n = 1 F( T n ). Let { u n } be a bounded sequence in K, { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] be given sequences such that 0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1. Then the sequence { x n } generated by (1.2) is well defined. Suppose that n = 1 θ n <+ and

lim n sup x K d( T n + 1 x, T n x)=0

holds. Then { x n } -converges to some point in n = 1 F( T n ).

Finally, we study the strong convergence of implicit Mann iteration sequence (1.3) with perturbations for a nonexpansive semigroup in CAT(0) spaces, under various and appropriate conditions.

Theorem 3.3 Let K be a compact and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, and Γ={T(t):t R + } be a nonexpansive semigroup on K. Let { u n } be a bounded sequence in K, { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] be given sequences such that 0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1. Then the sequence { x n } generated by implicit scheme (1.3) is well defined. Suppose that { t n } is a sequence in R + such that

lim inf n t n < lim sup n t n and lim n ( t n + 1 t n )=0.

If n = 1 θ n <+, then { x n } converges strongly to some point in F(Γ).

Proof Following the proof details of the main result of [2], we know that F(Γ) in complete CAT(0) spaces is nonempty (see [2, 7]). From Lemma 3.1, it is easy to see that the sequence { x n } generated by (1.3) is well defined. We show that

lim n sup x K d ( T ( t n ) x , T ( t n 1 ) x ) =0.
(3.4)

Assume for the contrary that (3.4) does not hold. There exist a subsequence { t n k }{ t n }, a sequence { y k }K and an η>0 such that for all kN,

d ( T ( t n k ) y k , T ( t n k 1 ) y k ) η.

Since K is compact, there exists a convergent subsequence of { y k }. Without loss of generality, we assume that y k y as k. Obviously, yK and so

0 < η lim sup k d ( T ( t n k ) y k , T ( t n k 1 ) y k ) lim sup k d ( T ( | t n k t n k 1 | ) y k , T ( 0 ) y k ) lim sup k [ d ( T ( | t n k t n k 1 | ) y k , T ( | t n k t n k 1 | ) y ) + d ( T ( | t n k t n k 1 | ) y , T ( 0 ) y ) + d ( T ( 0 ) y , T ( 0 ) y k ) ] lim sup k [ 2 d ( y k , y ) + d ( T ( | t n k t n k 1 | ) y , T ( 0 ) y ) ] = 0 ,

which is a contradiction. Formula (3.4) follows readily. By Lemma 3.3, we have

lim n d ( T ( t n ) x n , x n ) =0.

Following the proof of [7], Theorem 3.5], we can show that there exists a subsequence { x n j } convergent to x , where x is a common fixed point of {T(t):t R + }. Since x is a cluster of { x n }, we have lim inf n d( x n , x )=0. It follows from (1.3) and (3.3) that lim n d( x n , x ) exists. Hence, lim n d( x n , x )=0, which completes the proof. □

Remark 3.1 The proofs of Theorems 3.1 and 3.3 are respectively similar to [7], Theorems 3.4 and 3.5]. As we know, the existing literature of approximating convergence for several mappings in CAT(0) spaces restricts to explicit iteration schemes. Theorems 3.1-3.3 extend and develop some existing results such as [7], Theorems 3.4 and 3.5] and [11], Theorems 3.2-3.4] from explicit Mann iteration schemes to implicit Mann iteration processes with perturbations.

We prove another strong convergence theorem which is different from Theorem 3.3.

Theorem 3.4 Let K be a compact and convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, and Γ={T(t):t R + } be a nonexpansive semigroup on K. Let { u n } be a bounded sequence in K, { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] be given sequences. Then the sequence { x n } generated by scheme (1.3) is well defined. If

lim n t n = lim n α n + θ n t n =0

and n = 1 θ n <+, then { x n } converges strongly to a common fixed point x of Γ.

Proof Following the proof details of the main result of [2], we know that F(Γ) in complete CAT(0) spaces is nonempty (see [2, 7]). From Lemma 3.1, we know that { x n } generated by (1.3) is well defined.

Claim 1: If { r n } is a sequence of nonnegative real numbers such that lim n r n =0, then

lim n sup x K d ( T ( r n ) x , T ( 0 ) x ) =0.
(3.5)

Assume for the contrary that (3.5) does not hold. There exist a subsequence { r n k }{ r n }, a sequence { y k }K and an η>0 such that for all kN,

d ( T ( r n k ) y k , T ( 0 ) y k ) η.

Since K is compact, there exists a convergent subsequence of { y k }. Without loss of generality, we assume that y k y as k. Obviously, yK and so

0 < η lim sup k d ( T ( r n k ) y k , T ( 0 ) y k ) lim sup k [ d ( T ( r n k ) y k , T ( r n k ) y ) + d ( T ( r n k ) y , T ( 0 ) y ) + d ( T ( 0 ) y , T ( 0 ) y k ) ] lim sup k [ 2 d ( y k , y ) + d ( T ( r n k ) y , T ( 0 ) y ) ] = 0 ,

which is a contradiction. Formula (3.5) follows readily.

Claim 2: lim n d( x n ,T(t) x n )=0. Since K is a compact and convex subset of X, there exists a subsequence { x n j }{ x n } such that x n j x as j. It follows from (1.3) and Lemma 2.1 that

d ( x n , T ( t n ) x n ) = d ( α n x n 1 ( 1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) T ( t n ) x n θ n u n ) , T ( t n ) x n ) α n d ( x n 1 , T ( t n ) x n ) + ( 1 α n ) θ n d ( u n , T ( t n ) x n ) [ α n + ( 1 α n ) θ n ] d ( x n , T ( t n ) x n ) + α n d ( x n 1 , x n ) + ( 1 α n ) θ n d ( u n , x n ) .

Thus, we have

d ( x n , T ( t n ) x n ) α n + θ n ( 1 α n ) ( 1 θ n ) [ d ( x n 1 , x n ) + d ( u n , x n ) ] .

For any given xX, let M 1 =sup{d( x n ,x):nN} and M 2 =sup{d( u n ,x):nN}. Since K is compact and { u n } is bounded, it follows that M 1 <+ and M 2 <+. Also, we know that α n 1/2 and θ n 1/2 for sufficiently large nN, because lim n α n =0 and lim n θ n =0. Consequently,

d ( x n , T ( t n ) x n ) 4 ( α n + θ n ) [ d ( x n 1 , x ) + 2 d ( x n , x ) + d ( u n , x ) ] 12 ( M 1 + M 2 ) ( α n + θ n ) 0 .
(3.6)

Hence, it follows from (3.5) that

lim sup n d ( T ( 0 ) x n , x n ) lim sup n [ d ( T ( 0 ) x n , T ( t n ) x n ) + d ( T ( t n ) x n , x n ) ] lim n sup x K d ( T ( 0 ) x , T ( t n ) x ) + lim sup n d ( x n , T ( t n ) x n ) = 0 .
(3.7)

For any given t>0, from (3.6) we know that

d ( T ( 0 ) x n , T ( t ) x n ) k = 0 [ t / t n ] 1 d ( T ( k t n ) x n , T ( ( k + 1 ) t n ) x n ) + d ( T ( [ t / t n ] t n ) x n , T ( t ) x n ) [ t / t n ] d ( x n , T ( t n ) x n ) + d ( T ( t [ t / t n ] t n ) x n , x n ) 12 ( M 1 + M 2 ) t α n + θ n t n + max { d ( T ( s ) x n , x n ) : 0 s t n } = 12 ( M 1 + M 2 ) t α n + θ n t n + d ( T ( s n ) x n , x n ) ( say  s n [ 0 , t n ] ) 12 ( M 1 + M 2 ) t α n + θ n t n + d ( T ( s n ) x n , T ( 0 ) x n ) + d ( T ( 0 ) x n , x n ) 12 ( M 1 + M 2 ) t α n + θ n t n + d ( T ( 0 ) x n , x n ) + sup x K d ( T ( s n ) x , T ( 0 ) x ) ,

where [t/ t n ] is the integer part of t/ t n . Since lim n α n + θ n t n =0, it follows from (3.5) and (3.7) that

lim n d ( x n , T ( t ) x n ) =0.

Therefore, from the above equality, we know that x F(Γ). From (3.3), Lemma 2.5 yields that lim n d( x n , x ) exists and thus { x n } converges strongly to x as n. This completes the proof. □

Remark 3.2 The main results presented in this paper can be immediately applied to any CAT(k) space with k0, because any CAT(k) space is a CAT( k ) space for any k >k (see [4, 7]).

If X is a Banach space, from Theorem 3.4, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.1 Let K be a compact and convex subset of a Banach space X, and Γ={T(t):t R + } be a nonexpansive semigroup on K. Let { u n } be a bounded sequence in K, { α n }(0,1] and { θ n }[0,1] be given sequences. Then the sequence { x n } generated by

x 0 K, x n = α n x n 1 +(1 α n ) ( ( 1 θ n ) T ( t n ) x n + θ n u n ) ,n1

is well defined. If

lim n t n = lim n α n + θ n t n =0

and n = 1 θ n <+, then { x n } converges strongly to a common fixed point x of Γ.

Remark 3.3 When θ n 0, Corollary 3.1 reduces to [20], Theorem 2.3]. Therefore, Theorem 3.4 and Corollary 3.1 extend [20], Theorem 2.3] from implicit Mann iteration processes to implicit Mann iteration processes with bounded perturbations.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11026063, 11171237, 11101069). This work was also supported by a Hong Kong Polytechnic University Postdoctoral Fellowship (Number G-YX4N) and an Internal Competitive Research Grant (Number A-PL05).

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Li, Xs., Yip, Tl. Implicit Mann approximation with perturbations for nonexpansive semigroups in CAT(0) spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 145 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-145

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