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Suzuki-type fixed point results in metric type spaces

Abstract

Suzuki’s fixed point results from (Suzuki, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 136:1861-1869, 2008) and (Suzuki, Nonlinear Anal. 71:5313-5317, 2009) are extended to the case of metric type spaces and cone metric type spaces. Examples are given to distinguish our results from the known ones.

MSC:47H10, 54H25.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

In 2008 Suzuki proved the following refinement of Banach’s fixed point principle.

Theorem 1 ([1], Theorem 2])

Let(X,d)be a complete metric space. LetT:XXbe a selfmap and θ 1 :[0,1)(1/2,1]be defined by

θ 1 (r)={ 1 , 0 r 5 1 2 , 1 r r 2 , 5 1 2 r 1 2 , 1 1 + r , 1 2 r < 1 .
(1.1)

If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z.

There were various extensions of Suzuki’s result, such as Kikkawa-Suzuki’s version of Kannan’s theorem [2] and Popescu’s version of Ćirić’s theorem [3].

Suzuki proved also the following version of Edelstein’s fixed point theorem.

Theorem 2 ([4], Theorem 3])

Let(X,d)be a compact metric space. LetT:XXbe a selfmap, satisfying for allx,yX, xythe condition

Then T has a unique fixed point in X.

This theorem was generalized in [5].

Let E be a real Banach space with the zero vector θ. A subset P of E is called a cone if: (a) P is closed, non-empty and P{θ}; (b) a,bR, a,b0, x,yP imply that ax+byP; (c) P(P)={θ}. Given a cone P, we define the partial ordering with respect to P by xy if and only if yxP. We shall write xy for yxintP, where intP stands for the interior of P and use xy for xy and xy. If intP, then P is called a solid cone. It is said to be normal if there is a number K>0 such that for all x,yE, θxy implies xKy. Such a minimal constant K is called the normal constant of P.

Huang and Zhang re-introduced cone metric spaces in [6] (this notion was known under various names since the mid of the 20th century, see a survey in [7]), replacing the set of real numbers by an ordered Banach space as the codomain for a metric. Cone metric spaces over normal cones inspired another generalization of metric spaces that were called metric type spaces by Khamsi [8] (see also [912]; note that, in fact, spaces of this kind were used earlier under the name of b-spaces by Czerwik [13]). Cvetković et al.[14] and Shah et al.[15] extended Khamsi’s definition and defined cone metric type spaces as follows:

Definition 1 ([14, 15])

Let X be a nonempty set, E a Banach space with the solid cone P and let K1 be a real number. If the function D:X×XP satisfies the following properties:

  1. (a)

    D(x,y)=0 if and only if x=y;

  2. (b)

    D(x,y)=D(y,x) for all x,yX;

  3. (c)

    D(x,z)K(D(x,y)+D(y,z)) for all x,y,zX,

then D is called a cone metric type function and (X,D,K) is called a cone metric type space (CMTS).

In particular, when E=R and P=[0,+), CMTS (X,D,K) reduces to a metric type space (MTS) of [8, 9, 12].

Of course, for K=1 we get the cone metric space (CMS) of [6], resp. the usual metric space.

Example 1 ([14])

Let B={ e 1 ,, e n } be an orthonormal basis of R n with inner product , and let p>0. Define

X p = { [ f ] | f : [ 0 , 1 ] R n , 0 1 | f ( t ) , e k | p d t < + , k = 1 , , n } ,

where [f] is the class of functions being equal to the function f a.e. Further, let

P B = { y R n y , e k 0 , k = 1 , 2 , , n } ,

and let D: X p × X p P B be defined by

D p (f,g)= k = 1 n e k 0 1 | f ( t ) g ( t ) , e k | p dt,f,g X p .

It was shown in [14] that P B is a solid cone in R n and that ( X p , D p , 2 p 1 ) is a CMTS. In particular, for n=1 we get an MTS and for p=1 a CMS.

Example 2 ([8, 10])

Let (X,d) be any CMS over a normal cone with normal constant K1. Then (X,D,K) is an MTS, where D(x,y)=d(x,y). In this case the spaces (X,d) and (X,D,K) have the same topologies (see [10], Theorem 2.7]).

If (X, D 1 ,K) is a CMTS over a normal cone with a normal constant k1, then (X,D,Kk) is an MTS, where D(x,y)= D 1 (x,y). Similarly as above, the spaces (X, D 1 ,K) and (X,D,Kk) have the same topologies.

Notions such as convergent and Cauchy sequences, as well as completeness, are introduced in (cone) metric type spaces in the standard way. The following obviously holds in an arbitrary (cone) metric type space:

We will sometimes need the continuity of metric-type function D in one variable:

or in two variables:

The last property always holds in the case of an MTS (X,D,K) generated by a CMS (X,d) over a normal cone, see Example 2, but not in general, as the following example shows.

Example 3 Let X=N{} and let D:X×XR be defined by

D(m,n)={ 0 , if m = n , | 1 m 1 n | , if m and n are even or m n = , 5 , if m and n are odd and m n , 2 , otherwise .

Then it is easy to see that for all m,n,pX, we have

D(m,p)3 ( D ( m , n ) + D ( n , p ) ) .

Thus, (X,D,3) is a metric-type space. Let x n =2n for each nN. Then

D(2n,)= 1 2 n 0 as n ,

that is, x n , but D( x n ,1)=2D(,1) as n.

Recall that a selfmap T:XX is said to have the property (P) [16] if F(T)=F( T n ) for each nN, where F(T) is the set of fixed points of T.

In this paper, we extend Suzuki’s Theorems 1 and 2, as well as Popescu’s results from [3] to the case of metric type spaces and cone metric type spaces. Examples are given to distinguish our results from the known ones.

2 Results

2.1 Results in metric type spaces

Theorem 3 Let(X,D,K)be a complete MTS where D is continuous in each variable. LetT:XXbe a selfmap andθ= θ K :[0,1)(1/(K+1),1]be defined by

θ(r)= θ K (r)={ 1 , 0 r 5 1 2 , 1 r r 2 , 5 1 2 r b K , 1 K + r , b K r < 1 ,
(2.1)

where b K = 1 K + 1 + 6 K + K 2 4 is the positive solution of 1 r r 2 = 1 K + r . If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

(2.2)

where

M(x,y)=max { D ( x , y ) , D ( x , T x ) , D ( y , T y ) , 1 2 K ( D ( x , T y ) + D ( y , T x ) ) } ,

then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z. Moreover, T has the property (P).

Note that for K=1, Theorem 3 reduces to a special case of Theorem 2.1 by Popescu [3].

Proof First note that θ(r)1 implies that θ(r)D(x,Tx)D(x,Tx) and it follows by (2.2) that

D ( T x , T 2 x ) r K max { D ( x , T x ) , D ( T x , T 2 x ) , 1 2 K D ( x , T 2 x ) } r K max { D ( x , T x ) , D ( T x , T 2 x ) , 1 2 ( D ( x , T x ) + D ( T x , T 2 x ) ) } = r K max { D ( x , T x ) , D ( T x , T 2 x ) } ,

wherefrom

D ( T x , T 2 x ) r K D(x,Tx)
(2.3)

for each xX.

Let uX be arbitrary and form the sequence { u n } by u 0 =u and u n = T n u for nN. It follows from (2.3) that

D( u n , u n + 1 ) r K D( u n 1 , u n )
(2.4)

and, by induction,

D( u n , u n + 1 ) r n K n D(u,Tu).
(2.5)

Using [12], Lemma 3.1] we conclude that { u n } is a Cauchy sequence, tending to some z in the complete space X. Obviously, also T u n = u n + 1 zn.

Let us prove now that

D(Tx,z) r K max { D ( x , z ) , D ( x , T x ) }
(2.6)

holds for each xz. Since u n z and T u n z (and hence D( u n ,T u n )0) and, by continuity of D, D( u n ,x)D(x,z)0, it follows that there exists n 0 N such that

θ(r)D( u n ,T u n )<D( u n ,x)

holds for each n n 0 . Assumption (2.2) implies that for such n

D ( T u n , T x ) r K max { D ( u n , x ) , D ( u n , u n + 1 ) , D ( x , T x ) , 1 2 K ( D ( u n , T x ) + D ( u n + 1 , x ) ) } .

Passing to the limit when n (and using continuity of D), we get that

D(Tx,z) r K max { D ( x , z ) , D ( x , T x ) , 1 2 K ( D ( z , T x ) + D ( x , z ) ) } .

It is easy to see that (2.6) follows from the previous relation.

Putting x= T n 1 z in (2.3), we get that

D ( T n z , T n + 1 z ) r K D ( T n 1 z , T n z )
(2.7)

holds for each nN (where T 0 z=z). It follows by induction that

D ( T n z , T n + 1 z ) r n K n D(z,Tz).
(2.8)

We will prove now that

D ( T n z , z ) D(Tz,z)
(2.9)

for each nN. For n=1 this relation is obvious. Suppose that it holds for some nN. If T n z=z, then T n + 1 z=Tz and D( T n + 1 z,z)=D(Tz,z)D(Tz,z). If T n zz, then we can apply (2.6) to obtain that

D ( T n + 1 z , z ) r K max { D ( T n z , z ) , D ( T n z , T n + 1 z ) } .

Using (2.8) and the induction hypothesis, we get that

D ( T n + 1 z , z ) r K max { D ( T z , z ) , r n K n D ( T z , z ) } = r K D(Tz,z)d(Tz,z),

and (2.9) is proved by induction.

In order to prove that Tz=z, we suppose that Tzz and consider the two possible cases.

Case I. 0r< b K (and hence θ(r) 1 r r 2 ). We will prove first that

D ( T n z , T z ) r K D(Tz,z)
(2.10)

for nN. For n=1 this is obvious and for n=2 it follows from (2.8). Suppose that (2.10) holds for some n2. Then

D(z,Tz)K ( D ( z , T n z ) + D ( T n z , T z ) ) K ( D ( z , T n z ) + r K D ( T z , z ) ) ,

wherefrom D(z,Tz) K 1 r D(z, T n z). It follows (using (2.8)) that

θ ( r ) D ( T n z , T n + 1 z ) 1 r r 2 D ( T n z , T n + 1 z ) 1 r r n D ( T n z , T n + 1 z ) 1 r K n D ( z , T z ) 1 K n 1 D ( z , T n z ) D ( T n z , z ) .

Assumption (2.2) implies that

D ( T n + 1 z , T z ) r K max { D ( T n z , z ) , D ( T n z , T n + 1 z ) , D ( z , T z ) , 1 2 K ( D ( z , T n + 1 z ) + D ( T z , T n z ) ) } .

It is easy to see (using (2.8), (2.9) and the inductive hypothesis) that the last maximum is equal to D(z,Tz), i.e., D( T n + 1 z,Tz) r K D(z,Tz) and relation (2.10) is proved by induction.

Now Tzz and (2.10) implies that T n zz for each nN. Hence, (2.6) and (2.8) imply that

D ( T n + 1 z , z ) r K max { D ( T n z , z ) , D ( T n z , T n + 1 z ) } r K max { D ( T n z , z ) , r n K n D ( z , T z ) } .
(2.11)

Since D(Tz,z)K(D(Tz, T n z)+D( T n z,z)), it follows from (2.10) that

D ( T n z , z ) 1 K D(Tz,z)D ( T z , T n z ) 1 r K D(Tz,z).

There exists n 1 N such that 1r r n for n n 1 and 0r< b K . For such n, we have that

D ( T n z , z ) r n K D(Tz,z) r n K n D(Tz,z).

It follows from (2.11) that

D ( T n + 1 z , z ) r K D ( T n z , z ) ( r K ) n n 1 + 1 D ( T n 1 z , z ) 0(n).

Thus, T n zz and, again from (2.10), we get that D(Tz,z) r K D(Tz,z) and D(Tz,z)=0, a contradiction.

Case II. b K r<1 (and so θ(r)= 1 K + r ). We will prove that there exists a subsequence { u n j } of { u n } such that

θ(r)D( u n j ,T u n j )=θ(r)D( u n j , u n j + 1 )D( u n j ,z)
(2.12)

holds for each jN. From (2.4) we know that D( u n , u n + 1 ) r K D( u n 1 , u n ) holds for each nN. Suppose that

1 K + r D( u n 1 , u n )>D( u n 1 ,z)and 1 K + r D( u n , u n + 1 )>D( u n ,z)

both hold for some nN. Then

D ( u n 1 , u n ) K ( D ( u n 1 , z ) + D ( u n , z ) ) < K K + r ( D ( u n 1 , z ) + D ( u n , u n + 1 ) ) K K + r ( D ( u n 1 , u n ) + r K D ( u n 1 , u n ) ) = D ( u n 1 , u n ) ,

which is impossible. Hence one of the following holds for each n:

θ(r)D( u n 1 , u n )D( u n 1 ,z)orθ(r)D( u n , u n + 1 )D( u n ,z).

In particular,

θ(r)D( u 2 n 1 , u 2 n )D( u 2 n 1 ,z)orθ(r)D( u 2 n , u 2 n + 1 )D( u 2 n ,z)

holds for each nN. In other words, there is a subsequence { u n j } of { u n } such that (2.12) holds for each jN. But then assumption (2.2) implies that

D ( T u n j , T z ) r K max { D ( u n j , z ) , D ( u n j , T u n j ) , D ( z , T z ) , 1 2 K ( D ( u n j , T z ) + D ( T u n j , z ) ) } .

Passing to the limit when j we get that D(z,Tz) r K D(z,Tz), which is possible only if Tz=z, a contradiction.

Thus, we have proved that z is a fixed point of T. The uniqueness of the fixed point follows easily from (2.6). Indeed, if y z are two fixed points of T, then (2.6) implies that

D(y,z)=D(Ty,z) r K max { D ( y , z ) , D ( y , T y ) } = r K D(y,z),

wherefrom y=z. The property (P) follows from (2.3) (see [16]). □

Suzuki-Banach-type and Suzuki-Kannan-type fixed point results in metric type spaces (versions of [1], Theorem 2] and [2], Theorem 2.2]) are special cases of Theorem 3.

Corollary 1 Let(X,D,K)be a complete MTS where D is continuous in each variable. LetT:XXbe a selfmap andθ:[0,1)(1/(K+1),1]be defined by (2.1). If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z. Moreover, T has the property (P).

Corollary 2 Let(X,D,K)be a complete MTS where D is continuous in each variable. LetT:XXbe a selfmap andθ:[0,1)(1/(K+1),1]be defined by (2.1). If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z. Moreover, T has the property (P).

Corollary 3 Let(X,D,K)be a complete MTS where D is continuous in each variable. LetT:XXbe a selfmap andθ:[0,1)(1/(K+1),1]be defined by (2.1). If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z. Moreover, T has the property (P).

Adapting [1], Example 1] we give now an example of a mapping satisfying the conditions of Theorem 3 (and having a unique fixed point) but not satisfying the respective classical (non-Suzuki-type) condition in metric type spaces (see, e.g., [14], Theorem 3.4]).

Example 4 Let X={(0,0),(4,0),(0,4),(4,6),(6,4)}, and let D:X×X[0,+) be given by D(( x 1 , x 2 ),( y 1 , y 2 ))= ( x 1 y 1 ) 2 + ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 . Then (X,D,2) is a metric type space (see Example 1). Let T:XX be given as

T: ( ( 0 , 0 ) ( 4 , 0 ) ( 0 , 4 ) ( 4 , 6 ) ( 6 , 4 ) ( 0 , 0 ) ( 0 , 0 ) ( 0 , 0 ) ( 4 , 0 ) ( 0 , 4 ) ) .

We will check that condition (2.2) holds true for r=8/9 and all x,yX. If x=y or if x,y{(0,0),(4,0),(0,4)}, it is trivially satisfied. Let x{(0,0),(4,0),(0,4)} and y{(4,6),(6,4)}. Then D(Tx,Ty)=16 and M(x,y)=52 for x=(0,0) and M(x,y)=36 for x=(4,0) or x=(0,4). Hence, in any case,

D(Tx,Ty)=16 8 / 9 2 M(x,y).

Let now x,y{(4,6),(6,4)}, xy. Then D(x,y)=8 and D(x,Tx)=36 and so θ(r)D(x,Tx)> 1 3 36>8=D(x,y), and (2.2) is trivially satisfied. Note that in the classical variant, in this case D(Tx,Ty)=32 and M(x,y)=36, so the inequality D(Tx,Ty) r 2 M(x,y) does not hold for any r<1.

The following is a metric-type version of Theorem 2.

Theorem 4 Let(X,D,K)be a compact MTS, where the function D is continuous. LetT:XXbe a selfmap, satisfying for allx,yX, xythe condition

(2.13)

Then T has a unique fixed point in X.

Proof Denote β=inf{D(x,Tx):xX} and choose a sequence { x n } in X such that D( x n ,T x n )β (n). Since the space X is (sequentially) compact, we can suppose that there exist v,wX such that x n v and T x n w (n). We will prove that β=0.

Suppose that β>0 and note that continuity of D implies that lim n D( x n ,w)=D(v,w)= lim n D( x n ,T x n )=β. Choose n 0 N such that for all n n 0

2 + K 2 + 2 K β<D( x n ,w)andD( x n ,T x n )< 2 + K 2 β

holds true. Then 1 1 + K D( x n ,T x n )<D( x n ,w) and assumption (2.13) implies that D(T x n ,Tw)< 1 K D( x n ,w) for n n 0 . Passing to the limit, we obtain that D(w,Tw) 1 K β. If K>1, the last inequality is impossible by the definition of β. If K=1, it is possible only if D(w,Tw)=β (recall that we have supposed that β>0). But in this case 1 1 + K D(w,Tw)<D(w,Tw) and (2.13) implies that D(Tw, T 2 w)< 1 K D(w,Tw)=β, which is again impossible by the definition of β. Hence, in all cases we obtain a contradiction and it follows that β=0 and so v=w.

In order to prove that T has a fixed point, suppose that Tzz for all zX. Then, in particular, 0< 1 1 + K D( x n ,T x n )<D( x n ,T x n ) and (2.13) implies that

D ( T x n , T 2 x n ) < 1 K D( x n ,T x n ).

It follows that

D ( v , T 2 x n ) K ( D ( v , T x n ) + D ( T x n , T 2 x n ) ) <KD(v,T x n )+D( x n ,T x n )0,

when n. Hence, T 2 x n v (n).

Suppose now that

1 1 + K D( x n ,T x n )D( x n ,v)and 1 1 + K D ( T x n , T 2 x n ) D(T x n ,v)

both hold for some nN. Then

D ( x n , T x n ) K ( D ( x n , v ) + D ( T x n , v ) ) K 1 + K ( D ( x n , T x n ) + D ( T x n , T 2 x n ) ) < K 1 + K ( D ( x n , T x n ) + 1 K D ( x n , T x n ) ) = D ( x n , T x n ) ,

which is impossible. Thus, for each nN, either

1 1 + K D( x n ,T x n )<D( x n ,v)or 1 1 + K D ( T x n , T 2 x n ) <D(T x n ,v)

holds true. Assumption (2.13) implies that for each nN either

D(T x n ,Tv)< 1 K D( x n ,v)orD ( T 2 x n , T v ) < 1 K D(T x n ,v)

holds. In other words, there exists a sequence { n j } such that D(T x n j ,Tv)< 1 K D( x n j ,v) holds for each jN, or there exists a sequence { n k } such that D( T 2 x n k ,Tv)< 1 K D( x n k ,v) holds for each kN. In both cases, passing to the limit, we obtain that D(v,Tv)=0, i.e., Tv=v, a contradiction with the assumption that T has no fixed points.

It follows that there exists zX such that Tz=z. Uniqueness follows easily. □

2.2 Results in cone metric type spaces

In this subsection, we formulate cone-metric-type versions of the results from the previous subsection.

Theorem 5 Let(X, D 1 ,K)be a complete CMTS with the normal underlying cone P, where D 1 is continuous in each variable. LetT:XXbe a selfmap andθ= θ K :[0,1)(1/(K+1),1]be defined by (2.1). If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

(2.14)

for some

u(x,y) { D 1 ( x , y ) , D 1 ( x , T x ) , D 1 ( y , T y ) , 1 2 K ( D 1 ( x , T y ) + D 1 ( y , T x ) ) } ,

then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z.

Proof Since the cone P is normal, without loss of generality, we can assume that the normal constant of P is k=1 and that the given norm in E is monotone, i.e. (see [17], Lemma 2.1]). Denote D(x,y)= D 1 (x,y). Then D is a (real-valued) metric-type function and the space (X,D) is compact (together with (X, D 1 ), see [10], Theorem 2.7]). Let us prove that the mapping T satisfies for some r[0,1) the condition

(2.15)

of Theorem 3. Suppose that θ(r)D(x,Tx)D(x,y). Then θ(r) D 1 (x,Tx) D 1 (x,y)intP (indeed, if, to the contrary, θ(r) D 1 (x,Tx) D 1 (x,y)intPi.e.θ(r) D 1 (x,Tx) D 1 (x,y), it would follow that θ(r)D(x,Tx)>D(x,y), a contradiction with the assumption). Assumption (2.14) implies that D 1 (Tx,Ty) r K u(x,y) for some

u(x,y) { D 1 ( x , y ) , D 1 ( x , T x ) , D 1 ( y , T y ) , 1 2 K ( D 1 ( x , T y ) + D 1 ( y , T x ) ) } .

Again by the monotonicity of the norm, this means that D(Tx,Ty) r K M(x,y), where

M(x,y)=max { D ( x , y ) , D ( x , T x ) , D ( y , T y ) , 1 2 K ( D ( x , T y ) + D ( y , T x ) ) } .

Hence, condition (2.15) is satisfied, and the conclusion follows. □

In a similar way, the following corollaries and the theorem can be proved.

Corollary 4 Let(X, D 1 ,K)be a complete CMTS where D 1 is continuous in each variable. LetT:XXbe a selfmap andθ:[0,1)(1/(K+1),1]be defined by (2.1). If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z.

Corollary 5 Let(X, D 1 ,K)be a complete CMTS where D 1 is continuous in each variable. LetT:XXbe a selfmap andθ:[0,1)(1/(K+1),1]be defined by (2.1). If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

whereu(x,y){ D 1 (x,Tx), D 1 (y,Ty)}, then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z.

Corollary 6 Let(X, D 1 ,K)be a complete CMTS where D 1 is continuous in each variable. LetT:XXbe a selfmap andθ:[0,1)(1/(K+1),1]be defined by (2.1). If there existsr[0,1)such that for eachx,yX,

then T has a unique fixed pointzXand for eachxX, the sequence{ T n x}converges to z.

Example 4 can be easily adapted to a CMTS.

Theorem 6 Let(X, D 1 ,K)be a compact CMTS, where the function D 1 is continuous. LetT:XXbe a selfmap satisfying, for allx,yX, xythe condition

(2.16)

Then T has a unique fixed point in X.

Note that for K=1 the above theorem reduces to [5], Theorem 3.8].

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Acknowledgements

The first author gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University during this research. The second, third and fourth authors are thankful to the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia.

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Correspondence to Nawab Hussain.

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Hussain, N., Ðorić, D., Kadelburg, Z. et al. Suzuki-type fixed point results in metric type spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 126 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-126

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