The shrinking projection method for solving generalized equilibrium problems and common fixed points for asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings
- Siwaporn Saewan1 and
- Poom Kumam1Email author
https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2011-9
© Saewan and Kumam; licensee Springer. 2011
Received: 23 November 2010
Accepted: 23 June 2011
Published: 23 June 2011
Abstract
In this article, we introduce a new hybrid projection iterative scheme based on the shrinking projection method for finding a common element of the set of solutions of the generalized mixed equilibrium problems and the set of common fixed points for a pair of asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces and set of variational inequalities for an α-inverse strongly monotone mapping. The results obtained in this article improve and extend the recent ones announced by Matsushita and Takahashi (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2004(1):37-47, 2004), Qin et al. (Appl. Math. Comput. 215:3874-3883, 2010), Chang et al. (Nonlinear Anal. 73:2260-2270, 2010), Kamraksa and Wangkeeree (J. Nonlinear Anal. Optim.: Theory Appl. 1(1):55-69, 2010) and many others.
AMS Subject Classification: 47H05, 47H09, 47J25, 65J15.
Keywords
1. Introduction
The above formulation (1.6) was shown in [1] to cover monotone inclusion problems, saddle point problems, variational inequality problems, minimization problems, optimization problems, variational inequality problems, vector equilibrium problems, and Nash equilibria in noncooperative games. In addition, there are several other problems, for example, the complementarity problem, fixed point problem and optimization problem, which can also be written in the form of an EP(f). In other words, the EP(f) is an unifying model for several problems arising in physics, engineering, science, optimization, economics, etc. In the last two decades, many articles have appeared in the literature on the existence of solutions of EP(f); see, for example [1–4] and references therein. Some solution methods have been proposed to solve the EP(f) in Hilbert spaces and Banach spaces; see, for example [5–20] and references therein.


for all x ∈ E. In particular, J = J2 is called the normalized duality mapping. If E is a Hilbert space, then J = I, where I is the identity mapping.
A set valued mapping U : E ⇉ E* with graph G(U) = {(x, x*) : x* ∈ Ux}, domain D(U) = {x ∈ E : Ux ≠ ∅}, and rang R(U) = ∪{Ux : x ∈ D(U)}. U is said to be monotone if 〈x - y, x* - y*〉 ≥ 0 whenever x* ∈ Ux, y* ∈ Uy. A monotone operator U is said to be maximal monotone if its graph is not properly contained in the graph of any other monotone operator. We know that if U is maximal monotone, then the solution set U-1 0 = {x ∈ D(U) : 0 ∈ Ux} is closed and convex. It is knows that U is a maximal monotone if and only if R(J + rU) = E* for all r > 0 when E is a reflexive, strictly convex and smooth Banach space (see [23]).
- (i)
- (ii)
The class of inverse-strongly monotone mappings has been studied by many researchers to approximating a common fixed point; see [24–29] for more details.
The class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings was introduced by Goebel and Kirk [30] in 1972. Since 1972, a host of authors have studied the weak and strong convergence of iterative processes for such a class of mappings.
If C is a nonempty closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H and P C : H → C is the metric projection of H onto C, then P C is a nonexpansive mapping. This fact actually characterizes Hilbert spaces and, consequently, it is not available in more general Banach spaces. In this connection, Alber [31] recently introduced a generalized projection operator C in Banach space E which is an analogue of the metric projection in Hilbert spaces.
for all x, y ∈ E, where J is the normalized duality mapping from E to E*.
- (1)
(||y|| - ||x||)2 ≤ ϕ(y, x) ≤ (||y|| + ||x||)2 for all x, y ∈ E.
- (2)
ϕ(x, y) = ϕ (x, z) + ϕ (z, y) + 2 〈x - z, Jz - Jy〉 for all x, y, z ∈ E.
- (3)
ϕ(x, y) = 〈x, Jx - Jy〉 + 〈y - x, Jy〉 ≤ ||x|| ||Jx - Jy|| + ||y - x|| ||y|| for all x, y ∈ E.
- (4)
By the Hahn-Banach theorem, J(x) ≠ ∅ for each x ∈ E, for more details see [35, 36].
Remark 1.1. It is also known that if E is uniformly smooth, then J is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on each bounded subset of E. Also, it is well known that if E is a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space, then the normalized duality mapping J : E → 2E*is single-valued, one-to-one and onto (see [35]).
Let C be a closed convex subset of E, and let T be a mapping from C into itself. We denote by F(T) the set of fixed point of T. A point p in C is said to be an asymptotic fixed point of T[37] if C contains a sequence {x
n
} which converges weakly to p such that limn →∞||x
n
- Tx
n
|| = 0. The set of asymptotic fixed points of T will be denoted by
.
A point p in C is said to be a strong asymptotic fixed point of T[37] if C contains a sequence {x
n
} which converges strong to p such that limn→∞||x
n
- Tx
n
|| = 0. The set of strong asymptotic fixed points of S will be denoted by
.
The asymptotic behavior of relatively nonexpansive mappings were studied in [38, 39].

Remark 1.2. Obviously, relatively nonexpansive implies weak relatively nonexpansive and both also imply hemi-relatively nonexpansive. Moreover, the class of relatively asymptotically nonexpansive is more general than the class of relatively nonexpansive mappings.
We note that hemi-relatively nonexpansive mappings are sometimes called quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings.
- (i)
- (ii)
T : C → C is said to be quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive [42, 43] if F(T) ≠ ∅ and ϕ(p, Tx) ≤ ϕ(p, x) for all x ∈ C and p ∈ F(T).
- (iii)
T : C → C is said to be asymptotically ϕ-nonexpansive [43] if there exists a sequence {k n } ⊂ [0, ∞) with k n → 1 as n → ∞ such that ϕ (T n x, T n y) ≤ k n ϕ(x, y) for all x, y ∈ C.
- (iv)
T : C → C is said to be asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive [43] if F(T) ≠ ∅ and there exists a sequence {k n } ⊂ [0, ∞) with k n → 1 as n → ∞ such that ϕ(p, T n x) ≤ k n ϕ (p, x) for all x ∈ C, p ∈ F(T) and n ≥ 1.

- (ii)
In real Hilbert spaces, the class of (asymptotically) quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings is reduced to the class of (asymptotically) quasi-nonexpansive mappings.
T : C → C is said to be closed if for any sequence {x n } ⊂ C such that limn→∞x n = x0 and limn→∞Tx n = y0, then Tx0 = y0.
We give some examples which are closed and asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive.
Example 1.4. (1). Let E be a uniformly smooth and strictly convex Banach space and U ⊂ E × E* be a maximal monotone mapping such that its zero set U-10 is nonempty. Then, J r = (J + rU)-1J is a closed and asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mapping from E onto D(U) and F(J r ) = U-10.
(2). Let Π C be the generalized projection from a smooth, strictly convex and reflexive Banach space E onto a nonempty closed and convex subset C of E. Then Π C is a closed and asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mapping from E onto C with F(Π C ) = C.
Recently, Matsushita and Takahashi [44] obtained the following results in a Banach space.
for every n = 1, 2, 3,..., where Π C is the generalized metric projection from E onto C, J is the duality mapping from E into E* and {λ n } is a sequence of positive real numbers. They proved that the sequence {x n } generated by (1.12) converges weakly to some element of VI(A, C).
A popular method is the shrinking projection method which introduced by Takahashi et al. [46] in year 2008. Many authors developed the shrinking projection method for solving (mixed) equilibrium problems and fixed point problems in Hilbert and Banch spaces; see, [12, 15, 16, 47–57] and references therein.
Recently, Qin et al. [58] further extended Theorem MT by considering a pair of asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings. To be more precise, they proved the following results.
Theorem QCK. Let E be a uniformly smooth and uniformly convex Banach space and C a nonempty closed and convex subset of E. Let T : C → C be a closed and asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mapping with the sequence
such that
as n → ∞ and S : C → C a closed and asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mapping with the sequence
such that
as n → ∞. Let {α
n
}, {β
n
}, {γ
n
} and {δ
n
} be real number sequences in [0, 1].

- (a)
β n + γ n + δ n = 1, ∀n ≥ 1;
- (b)
lim infn→∞ γ n δ n , limn→∞ β n = 0;
- (c)
0 ≤ α n < 1 and lim supn→∞ α n < 1.
On the other hand, Chang, Lee and Chan [59] proved a strong convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of solutions for a generalized equilibrium problem (1.4) and the set of common fixed points for a pair of relatively nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. They proved the following results.
- (a)
lim infn →∞ α n (1 - α n ) > 0;
- (b)
lim infn →∞ β n (1 -β n ) > 0;
then, {x n } converges strongly to ΠΩx0, where ΠΩ is the generalized projection of E onto Ω.
Very recently, Kim [60], considered the shrinking projection methods which were introduced by Takahashi et al. [46] for asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings in a uniformly smooth and strictly convex Banach space which has the Kadec-Klee property.
In this article, motivated and inspired by the study of Matsushita and Takahashi [44], Qin et al. [58], Kim [60], and Chang et al. [59], we introduce a new hybrid projection iterative scheme based on the shrinking projection method for finding a common element of the set of solutions of the generalized mixed equilibrium problems, the set of the variational inequality and the set of common fixed points for a pair of asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. The results obtained in this article improve and extend the recent ones announced by Matsushita and Takahashi [44], Qin et al. [58], Chang et al. [59] and many others.
2. Preliminaries
For the sake of convenience, we first recall some definitions and conclusions which will be needed in proving our main results.
In the sequel, we denote the strong convergence, weak convergence and weak* convergence of a sequence {x n } by x n → x, x n ⇀* × and x n ⇀* x, respectively.
It is well known that a uniformly convex Banach space has the Kadec-Klee property, i.e. if x n ⇀ x and ||x n || → ||x||, then x n → x.
where J is the normalized duality mapping of E.
The best constant
in Lemma is called the p-uniformly convex constant of E.
where J
p
is the generalized duality mapping of E and
is the p-uniformly convexity constant of E.
for all x, y ∈ B r (0) and α ∈ [0, 1].
Lemma 2.5. ([58]) Let E be a uniformly convex and smooth Banach space, C a nonempty closed convex subset of E and T : C → C a closed asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mapping. Then, F(T) is a closed convex subset of C.
Lemma 2.6. ([61]) Let E be a smooth and uniformly convex Banach space. Let x n and y n be sequences in E such that either {x n } or {y n } is bounded. If limn→∞ϕ(x n , y n ) = 0, then limn→∞||x n - y n || = 0.
for all x ∈ E and x* ∈ E*; that is, V (x, x*) = ϕ(x, J-1x*).
for all × ∈ E and x*, y* ∈ E*.
for all x*, y* ∈ E*.
For solving the generalized equilibrium problem, let us assume that the nonlinear mapping A : C → E* is α-inverse strongly monotone and the bifunction f : C × C → ℝ satisfies the following conditions:
(A1) f(x, x) = 0 ∀x ∈ C;
(A2) f is monotone, i.e., f(x, y) + f(y, x) ≤ 0, ∀x, y ∈ C;
(A3) lim supt↓0f (x + t(z - x), y) ≤ f(x, y), ∀x, y, z ∈ C;
(A4) the function y ↦ f(x, y) is convex and lower semicontinuous.
- (1)
T r is single-valued;
- (2)
(A3) F(T r ) = EP(f );
(A4) EP(f) is a closed convex.
- (a)
K r is single-valued ;
- (b)
- (c)
- (d)
GMEP(f, B, φ) is a closed convex,
- (e)
ϕ(q, K r z) + ϕ(K r z, z) ≤ ϕ(q, z), ∀q ∈ F (K r ), z ∈ E.
Remark 2.13. ([66]) It follows from Lemma 2.12 that the mapping K r : C → C defined by (2.3) is a relatively nonexpansive mapping. Thus, it is quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive.
Then, U is maximal monotone and U-10 = VI(A, C).
3. Main results
In this section, we shall prove a strong convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of solutions for a generalized mixed equilibrium problem (1.2), set of variational inequalities for an α-inverse strongly monotone mapping and the set of common fixed points for a pair of asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces.
Theorem 3.1. Let E be a uniformly smooth and 2-uniformly convex Banach space, C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let A be an α-inverse-strongly monotone mapping of C into E* satisfying ||Ay|| ≤ ||Ay - Au||, ∀y ∈ C and u ∈ VI(A, C) ≠ ∅. Let B : C → E* be a continuous and monotone mapping and f : C × C → ℝ be a bifunction satisfying the conditions (A 1) - (A 4), and φ : C → ℝ be a lower semi-continuous and convex function. Let T : C → C be a closed and asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mapping with the sequence
such that
as n → ∞ and S : C → C be a closed and asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mapping with the sequence
such that
as n → ∞. Assume that T and S are uniformly asymptotically regular on C and Ω := F(T) ∩ F(S) ∩ VI(A, C) ∩ GMEP(f, B, φ.) ≠ ∅.
where
as n → ∞,
for each n ≥ 1, M
n
= sup{ϕ(z, x
n
) : z ∈ Ω } for each n ≥ 1, {α
n
} and {β
n
} are sequences in [0, 1], {λ
n
} ⊂ [a, b] for some a, b with 0 < a < b < c2α/2, where
is the 2-uniformly convexity constant of E and {r
n
} ⊂ [d, ∞) for some d > 0. Suppose that the following conditions are satisfied: lim infn→∞(1 -α
n
) > 0 and lim infn→∞(1 -β
n
) > 0. Then, the sequence {x
n
} converges strongly to ΠΩx0, where ΠΩ is generalized projection of E onto Ω.
Proof. We have several steps to prove this theorem as follows:
where
and M
i
= sup{ϕ(z, x
i
) : z ∈ Ω} for each i ≥ 1. Hence, Ci+1is closed and convex. Then, for each n ≥ 1, we see that C
n
is closed and convex. Hence,
is well defined.
By the same argument as in the proof of [[43], Lemma 2.4], one can show that F(T) ∩ F(S) is closed and convex. We also know that VI(A, C) = U-10 is closed and convex, and hence from Lemma 2.12(d), Ω := F(S) ∩ F(T) ∩ VI(A, C) ∩ GMEP(f, B, φ) is a nonempty, closed and convex subset of C. Consequently, ΠΩ is well defined.
This shows that q ∈ Ci+1. This implies that Ω ⊂ C n for each n ≥ 1.
Hence, the sequence {x n } is well defined.
Step 3. Now, we prove that {x n } is bounded.
for each q ∈ C n . Therefore, we obtain that the sequence ϕ(x n , x0) is bounded, and so are {x n }, {w n }, {y n }, {z n }, {T n w n } and {S n x n }.
Step 4. We show that {x n } is a Cauchy sequence.
This implies that {ϕ(x n , x0)} is nondecreasing, and limn →∞ϕ(x n , x0) exists.
Letting m, n → ∞ in (3.9), we see that ϕ(x m , x n ) → 0. It follows from Lemma 2.6 that ||x m - x n || → 0 as m, n → ∞. Hence, {x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since E is a Banach space and C is closed and convex, we can assume that p ∈ C such that x n → p as n → ∞.
Step 5. We will show that p ∈ Ω:= F(T) ∩ F(S) ∩ VI(A, C) ∩ GMEP(f, B, φ).
(a) First, we show that p ∈ F(T) ∩ F(S).
Since E is uniformly smooth and uniformly convex, from (3.10)-(3.12), θ n → 0 as n → ∞ and
that is, SS n z n → p as n → ∞. From the closedness of S, we see that p ∈ F(S). Hence, p ∈ F(T) ∩ F(S).

This implies that p ∈ GMEP(f, B, φ).
(c) We show that p ∈ VI(A, C). Indeed, define a set-valued U : E ⇉ E* by Lemma 2.14, U is maximal monotone and U-10 = VI(A, C). Let (v, w) ∈ G(U). Since w ∈ Uv = Av + N C (v), we get w - Av ∈ N C (v).
where M = supn≥1||v - w n ||. Takeing the limit as n → ∞, (3.28) and (3.29), we obtain 〈v - p, w〉 ≥ 0. Based on the maximality of U, we have p ∈ U-10 and hence p ∈ VI(A, C). Hence, by (a), (b) and (c), we obtain p ∈ Ω.
and hence, p = ΠΩx0 by Lemma 2.1. This completes the proof.
The following Theorems can readily be derived from Theorem 3.1.







- (i)
lim infn→∞(1 -α n ) > 0,
- (ii)
lim infn→∞(1 -β n ) > 0.
Then, the sequence {x n } converges strongly to ΠΩx0, where ΠΩ is generalized projection of E onto Ω.
Proof. Putting B ≡ 0 in Theorem 3.1, the conclusion of Theorem 3.2 can be obtained.







- (i)
lim infn→∞(1 -α n ) > 0;
- (ii)
lim infn→∞(1 -β n ) > 0.
Then, the sequence {x n } converges strongly to ΠΩx0, where ΠΩ is generalized projection of E onto Ω.
Proof. Putting f ≡ 0 in Theorem 3.1, the conclusion of Theorem 3.2 can be obtained.
Since every closed relatively asymptotically nonexpansive mapping is asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive, we obtain the following corollary.







- (i)
lim infn→∞(1 - α n ) > 0;
- (ii)
lim infn→∞(1 - β n ) > 0.
Then, the sequence {x n } converges strongly to ΠΩx0, where ΠΩis generalized projection of E onto Ω.
Since every closed relatively nonexpansive mapping is asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive, we obtain the following corollary.

- (i)
lim infn→∞(1 - α n ) > 0,
- (ii)
lim infn→∞(1 - β n ) > 0.
Then, the sequence {x n } converges strongly to ΠΩx0, where ΠΩis generalized projection of E onto Ω.

- (i)
lim infn→∞(1 - α n ) > 0;
- (ii)
lim infn→∞(1 - β n ) > 0.
Then, the sequence {x n } converges strongly to ΠΩx0, where ΠΩ is generalized projection of E onto Ω
Proof. Since every closed quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mapping is asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive, the result is implied by Theorem 3.1.

- (i)
lim infn→∞(1 - α n ) > 0;
- (ii)
lim infn→∞(1 - β n ) > 0.
Then, the sequence {x n } converges strongly to ΠΩx0, where ΠΩis generalized projection of E onto Ω.
Proof. Since every closed relatively nonexpansive mapping is quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive, the result is implied by Theorem 3.1.
Remark 3.8. Corollaries 3.7, 3.6 and 3.7 improve and extend the corresponding results of Saewan et al. [[51], Theorem 3.1] in the sense of changing the closed relatively quasi-nonexpansive mappings to be the more general than the closed and asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings and adjusting a problem from the classical equilibrium problem to be the generalized equilibrium problem.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Prof. Jong Kyu Kim and the anonymous referees for their respective helpful discussions and suggestions in preparation of this article. This research was supported by grant under the program Strategic Scholarships for Frontier Research Network for the Joint Ph.D. Program of Thai Doctoral degree from the Office of the Higher Education Commission, Thailand. Moreover, the first author was also supported by the King Mongkuts Daimond scholarship for Ph.D. program at King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), under project NRU-CSEC no.54000267, and the second author was supported by the Higher Education Commission and the Thailand Research Fund under Grant MRG5380044. Furthermore, this work was partially supported by the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission.
Authors’ Affiliations
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