- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
On a Suzuki Type General Fixed Point Theorem with Applications
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2010, Article number: 234717 (2010)
Abstract
The main result of this paper is a fixed-point theorem which extends numerous fixed point theorems for contractions on metric spaces and recently developed Suzuki type contractions. Applications to certain functional equations and variational inequalities are also discussed.
1. Introduction
The classical Banach contraction theorem has numerous generalizations, extensions, and applications. In a comprehensive comparison of contractive conditions, Rhoades [1] recognized that Ćirić's quasicontraction [2] (see condition (C) below) is the most general condition for a self-map of a metric space which ensures the existence of a unique fixed point. Pal and Maiti [3] proposed a set of conditions (see (PM.1)–(PM.4) below) as an extension of the principle of quasicontraction (C), under which may have more than one fixed point (see Example 2.7 below). Thus the condition (C) is independent of the conditions (PM.1)–(PM.4) (see also Rhoades [4, page 42]).
On the other hand, Suzuki [5] recently obtained a remarkable generalization of the Banach contraction theorem which itself has been extended and generalized on various settings (see, e.g, [6–15]). With a view of extending Suzuki's contraction theorem [5] and its several generalizations, we combine the ideas of Pal and Maiti [3], Suzuki [5], and Popescu [10] to obtain a very general fixed-point theorem. Subsequently, we use our results to solve certain functional equations and variational inequalities under different conditions than those considered in Bhakta and Mitra [16], Baskaran and Subrahmanyam [17], Pathak et al. [18, 19], Singh and Mishra [11, 12], and Pathak et al. [20, and references thereof].
Consider the following conditions for a map from a metric space to itself for :
(C), ,
(PM.1), ,
(PM.2), ,
(PM.3), ,
(PM.4), .
2. Main Results
Throughout this paper, we denote by the set of natural numbers. We suppose that
where , and are as in conditions (PM.1)–(PM.4).
Notice that
Evidently, .
An orbit of at is a sequence . A space is -orbitally complete if and only if every Cauchy sequence contained in the orbit converges in , for all .
An orbit of a multivalued map , the collection of nonempty subsets of , at is a sequence . is called -orbitally complete if every Cauchy sequence of the form converges in , for all . For details, refer to Ćirić [2, 21].
The following theorem is our main result.
Theorem 2.1.
Let be a self-map of a metric space and be -orbitally complete. Assume that there exists an such that for any two elements ,
implies that at least one of the conditions (PM.1), (PM.2), (PM.3), and (PM.4) is true. Then, the sequence converges in and is a fixed point of .
Proof.
Define a sequence such that , where , . Since for any , one of the conditions (PM.1)–(PM.4) is true for the pair . If (PM.1) is true, then
This yields
Similarly, if (PM.2), (PM.3), and (PM.4) are true, then correspondingly we obtain
Hence, from (2.5)-(2.6),
where
Since , the sequence is Cauchy. By the -orbital completeness of , the limit of the sequence is in . Moreover, there exists such that
for , where . Therefore, by conditions (PM.1)–(PM.4), we have one of the following for :
which yields on making ,
and similarly
that is,
or
and in this case
that is,
Thus, in view of (2.11), (2.12), (2.13), (2.18), and (2.15), one of the following is true for :
Case 1.
Suppose that (2.19) is true. Then, by the assumption, one of (PM.1)–(PM.4) is true, that is,
Taking in these inequaliteis and making , we see that one of the following is true:
All these possibilities lead to the fact that .
Case 2.
Suppose that (2.20) is true. We show that there exists a subsequence of such that
Recall that by (2.7),
Suppose that
Then
Since without loss of generality, we may take , we have
This is a contradiction. Therefore, either
This implies that either
holds for . Thus, there exists a subsequence of such that
that is,
Hence, by the assumption, one of the conditions (PM.1)–(PM.4) is satisfied for and , and making , we obtain .
Remark 2.2.
If only the condition (PM.4) is satisfied in Theorem 2.1, then the uniqueness of the fixed-point follows easily. Hence, we have the following (see also [10, Corollary 2.1]).
Corollary 2.3.
Let be a self-map of a metric space and be -orbitally complete. Assume that there exists an such that for any two elements ,
implies the condition (PM.4). Then has a unique fixed point.
Remark 2.4.
Corollary 2.3 generalizes certain theorems from [7, 9–11] and others.
Remark 2.5.
It is clear from the proof of Theorem 2.1 that the best value of in class (PM.1)–(PM.4) is, respectively, , , , and .
The following result is close in spirit to several generalizations of the Banach contraction theorem by Edelstein [22], Sehgal [23], Chatterjea [24], Rhoades [1, conditions (20) and (22)], and Suzuki [15, Theorem 3].
Theorem 2.6.
Let be a self-map of a metric space . Assume that
-
(i)
there exists a point such that the orbit has a cluster point ,
(ii) and are continuous at ,
-
(iii)
for any two distinct elements
(2.33)
implies one of the following conditions:
(PM.1)*,
(PM.2)*,
(PM.3)*,
(PM.4)*
Then is a fixed point of .
Proof.
An appropriate blend of the proof of Theorems 2.1 and 2 of Pal and Maiti [3] works.
If only the condition (PM.4)* is satisfied in Theorem 2.6, then the uniqueness of the fixed-point follows easily.
Example 2.7.
Let and , . Then, the map satisfies all the requirements of Theorem 2.1 with , , and . Further, is not a Ćirić-Suzuki contraction, that is, does not satify the requirements of [10, Corollary 2.1]. Evidently, is not a quasicontraction.
Example 2.8.
Let and
Then, one of the conditions (PM.1)–(PM.4) is satisfied (e.g., , ). As has two fixed points, it cannot satisfy any of the conditions which guarantee the existence of a unique fixed point.
Example 2.9.
Let and
Then, the map satisfies all the requirements of Theorem 2.6. If in Theorem 2.6, the initial choice is (resp., ), then converges to 6 (resp., 3).
For any subsets of , denotes the gap between and , while
As usual, we write (resp., ) for (resp., ) when .
We use Theorem 2.1 to obtain the following result for a multivalued map.
Theorem 2.10.
Let and let be -orbitally complete. Assume that there exist , and as defined in Section 2 such that for any
implies that at least one of the following conditions is true:
(PM.1)**,
(PM.2)**,
(PM.3)**,
(PM.4)**
Then has a fixed point.
Proof.
It may be completed following Reich [25], Ćirić [2], and Singh and Mishra [11]. However, a basic skech of the same is given below.
Let . Define a single-valued map as follows. For each , let be a point of such that
Since , . So, (2.37) gives
and in view of conditions (PM.1)**–(PM.4)**, this implies that one of the following is true:
This means Theorem 2.1 applies as "" in the statement of Theorem 2.1 may be replaced by "". Hence, there exists a point such that , and .
3. Applications
3.1. Application to Dynamic Programming
In this section, we assume that and are Banach spaces, and . Let denote the field of reals, , and . The subspaces and are considered as the state and decision spaces, respectively. Then, the problem of dynamic programming reduces to the problem of solving the functional equation
In multistage processes, some functional equations arise in a natural way (cf. Bellman [26] and Bellman and Lee [27]). The intent of this section is to study the existence of the solution of the functional equation (3.1) arising in dynamic programming.
Let denote the set of all bounded real-valued functions on . For an arbitrary , define . Then, is a Banach space. Assume that , and the following conditions hold:
(DP.1) are bounded.
(DP.2)Assume that for every , and ,
implies
where is defined as follows:
Theorem 3.1.
Assume that the conditions (DP.1) and (DP.2) are satisfied. Then, the functional equation (3.1) has a unique bounded solution.
Proof.
We note that is a complete metric space, where is the metric induced by the supremum norm on . By (DP.1), is a self-map of .
Pick and . Let μ be an arbitrary positive number. We can choose such that
where , .
Further, we have
Therefore, (3.2) becomes
Set
From (3.5), (3.7), and (3.8), we have
Similarly, from (3.5), (3.6), and (3.8), we get
From (3.10) and (3.11), we have
Since the inequality (3.12) is true for any , and is arbitrary, we find from (3.8) that
implies
So Corollary 2.3 applies, wherein corresponds to the map . Therefore, has a unique fixed-point , that is, is the unique bounded solution of the functional equation (3.1).
3.2. Application to Variational Inequalities
As another application of Corollary 2.3, we show the existence of solutions of variational inequalities as in the work of Belbas and Mayergoyz [28]. Variational inequalities arise in optimal stochastic control [29] as well as in other problems in mathematical physics, for examples, deformation of elastic bodies stretched over solid obstacles, elastoplastic torsion, and so forth, [30]. The iterative method for solutions of discrete variational inequalities is very suitable for implementation on parallel computers with single-instruction, multiple-data architecture, particularly on massively parallel processors.
The variational inequality problem is to find a function such that
where is a nonempty -starshaped open bounded subset of for some with smooth boundary such that , is an elliptic operator defined on by
where summation with respect to repeated indices is implied, , is a strictly positive definite matrix, uniformly in , for and are smooth functions defined in and satisfies the condition: , .
The corresponding problem of stochastic optimal control can be described as follows: is the generator of a diffusion process in , is a discount factor, is the continuous cost, and represents the cost incurred by stopping the process. The boundary condition " on " expresses the fact that stopping takes place either prior or at the time that the diffusion process exists from .
A problem related to (3.15) is the two-obstacle variational inequality. Given two smooth functions and μ defined on such that in , on , the corresponding variational inequality is as follows:
Note that the problem (3.17) arises in stochastic game theory.
Let be an matrix corresponding to the finite difference discretizations of the operator . We make the following assumptions about the matrix :
These assumptions are related to the definition of "-matrices", arising from the finite difference discretization of continuous elliptic operators having the property (3.18) under the appropriate conditions and denotes the set of all discretized vectors in (see [31, 32]). Note that the matrix is an -matrix if and only if every off-diagonal entry of is nonpositive.
Let . Then, the corresponding properties for the -matrices are
Let and an matrix such that and for . Then, we have .
Now, we show the existence of iterative solutions of variational inequalities.
Consider the following discrete variational inequalities mentioned above:
where is an operator from into itself implicitly defined by
for all such that for all , the condition
holds. Suppose that the condition (3.22) implies that is defined in as in (3.21), then (3.20) is equivalent to the fixed-point problem
that is, .
Notice that in two-person game, we have to determine the best strategies for each player on the basis of maximin and minimax criterion of optimality. This criterion will be well stated as follows: a player lists his/her worst possible outcomes, and then he/she chooses that strategy which corresponds to the best of these worst outcomes. Here, the problem (3.20) exhibits the situation in which two players are trying to control a diffusion process; the first player is trying to maximize a cost functional, and the second player is trying to minimize a similar functional. The first player is called the maximizing player and the second one the minimizing player. Here, represents the continuous rate of cost for both players, is the stopping cost for the maximizing player, and μ is the stopping cost for the minimizing player. This problem is fixed by inducting an operator implicitly defined for all as in (3.21).
Theorem 3.2.
Under the assumptions (3.18) and (3.19), a solution for (3.23) exists.
Proof.
Let for any and any . Now, for any , since , we have
that is, if the maximizing player succeeds to maximize a cost functional in his/her strategy which corresponds to the best of worst outcomes from his/her list, then the game would be one-sided. In this situation, we introduce the one sided operator
Therefore, we have
Now, if , then since
by using (3.18), we have
If , then since
we have
Hence, from (3.18)–(3.20), we have
Since and are arbitrarily chosen, we have
Therefore, from (3.31) and (3.32), it follows that
This yields
where . Thus, we see that under the assumptions (3.18) and (3.19), for all ,
implies
Note that is complete and a closed subset of , it follows that is complete. As a consequence, is orbitally complete.
Hence, we conclude that all the conditions of Corollary 2.3 are satisfied in . Therefore, Corollary 2.3 ensures the existence of a solution of (3.23).
References
Rhoades BE: A comparison of various definitions of contractive mappings. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1977, 226: 257–290.
Ćirić LB: A generalization of Banach's contraction principle. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1974, 45: 267–273.
Pal TK, Maiti M: Extensions of fixed point theorems of Rhoades and Ćirić. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1977,64(2):283–286.
Rhoades BE: Extensions of some fixed point theorems of Ćirić, Maiti, and Pal. Mathematics Seminar Notes. Kobe University 1978,6(1):41–46.
Suzuki T: A generalized Banach contraction principle that characterizes metric completeness. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2008,136(5):1861–1869.
Abkar A, Eslamian M: Fixed point theorems for Suzuki generalized nonexpansive multivalued mappings in Banach spaces. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2010, 2010:-10.
Dhompongsa S, Yingtaweesittikul H: Fixed points for multivalued mappings and the metric completeness. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2009, 2009:-15.
Kikkawa M, Suzuki T: Three fixed point theorems for generalized contractions with constants in complete metric spaces. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2008,69(9):2942–2949. 10.1016/j.na.2007.08.064
Moţ G, Petruşel A: Fixed point theory for a new type of contractive multivalued operators. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2009,70(9):3371–3377. 10.1016/j.na.2008.05.005
Popescu O: Two fixed point theorems for generalized contractions with constants in complete metric space. Central European Journal of Mathematics 2009,7(3):529–538. 10.2478/s11533-009-0019-2
Singh SL, Mishra SN: Coincidence theorems for certain classes of hybrid contractions. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2010, 2010:-14.
Singh SL, Mishra SN: Remarks on recent fixed point theorems. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2010, 2010:-18.
Suzuki T: Some remarks on recent generalization of the Banach contraction principle. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fixed Point Theory and Its Applications, 2007 751–761.
Suzuki T: Fixed point theorems and convergence theorems for some generalized nonexpansive mappings. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2008,340(2):1088–1095. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2007.09.023
Suzuki T: A new type of fixed point theorem in metric spaces. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2009,71(11):5313–5317. 10.1016/j.na.2009.04.017
Bhakta PC, Mitra S: Some existence theorems for functional equations arising in dynamic programming. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1984,98(2):348–362. 10.1016/0022-247X(84)90254-3
Baskaran R, Subrahmanyam PV: A note on the solution of a class of functional equations. Applicable Analysis 1986,22(3–4):235–241. 10.1080/00036818608839621
Pathak HK, Cho YJ, Kang SM, Lee BS: Fixed point theorems for compatible mappings of type (P) and applications to dynamic programming. Le Matematiche 1995,50(1):15–33.
Pathak HK, Fisher B: Common fixed point theorems with applications in dynamic programming. Glasnik Matematički 1996,31(51)(2):321–328.
Pathak HK, Mishra SN, Kalinde AK: Some Gregus type common fixed point theorems with applications. Demonstratio Mathematica 2003,36(2):413–426.
Ćirić LB: Generalized contractions and fixed-point theorems. Publications de l'Institut Mathématique 1971, 12(26): 19–26.
Edelstein M: On fixed and periodic points under contractive mappings. Journal of the London Mathematical Society 1962, 37: 74–79. 10.1112/jlms/s1-37.1.74
Sehgal VM: On fixed and periodic points for a class of mappings. Journal of the London Mathematical Society 1972, 5: 571–576. 10.1112/jlms/s2-5.3.571
Chatterjea SK: Fixed-point theorems. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie Bulgare des Sciences 1972, 25: 727–730.
Reich S: Fixed points of contractive functions. Bollettino della Unione Matematica Italiana 1972, 5: 26–42.
Bellman R: Methods of Nonliner Analysis. Vol. II, Mathematics in Science and Engineering, Vol. 61-II. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA; 1973:xvii+261.
Bellman R, Lee ES: Functional equations in dynamic programming. Aequationes Mathematicae 1978,17(1):1–18. 10.1007/BF01818535
Belbas SA, Mayergoyz ID: Applications of fixed-point methods to discrete variational and quasivariational inequalities. Numerische Mathematik 1987,51(6):631–654. 10.1007/BF01400174
Bensoussan A, Lions J-L: Applications des inéquations variationnelles en contrôle stochastique, Méthodes Mathématiques de l'Informatique, no. 6. Dunod, Paris, France; 1978:viii+545.
Duvaut G, Lions J-L: Inequalities in Mechanics and Physics, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 21. Springer, Berlin, Germany; 1976:xvi+397.
Berman A, Plemmons RJ: Nonnegative Matrices in the Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA; 1979:xviii+316.
Varga RS: Matrix Iterative Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA; 1982.
Acknowledgment
This research is supported by the Directorate of Research Development, Walter Sisulu University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, S., Pathak, H. & Mishra, S. On a Suzuki Type General Fixed Point Theorem with Applications. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2010, 234717 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/234717
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/234717