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Delay differential equations: a partially ordered sets approach in vectorial metric spaces
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2014, Article number: 193 (2014)
Abstract
In this paper we develop a fixed point theorem in the partially ordered vector metric space by using vectorial norm. Then we use it to prove the existence of periodic solutions to nonlinear delay differential equations.
MSC:06F30, 46B20, 47E10, 34K13, 34K05.
1 Introduction
In this paper we investigate the existence of periodic solutions to delay differential equations in partially ordered metric spaces. More precisely, we consider the following equations:
where , , and is a continuous function, and , where , . A solution of (1.1) is a function which is absolutely continuous differential on every compact interval , and satisfies (1.1) for almost all . It is well known from the theory of delay differential equations (see, for example, [1]) that (1.1) admits a unique solution for every continuous and Lipschitz function f and every initial condition
where , where is the space of a continuous function from into . Moreover, on compact intervals, depends continuously on φ and f. The existence, uniqueness and continuous dependency results for delay differential equations motivate the definition of the state of the system to the pair , which completely describes the past history of the solution at time .
This type of problems was already investigated for delay or ordinary differential equations in real-valued spaces by Drici et al. and also Nieto and Rodríguez-López [2–4]; see also [5–10]. The papers cited therein provide additional reading on this topic. Recently, many authors such as Dhage [11] started to investigate the Krasnosel’skii theorem in partially ordered spaces with applications to nonlinear fractional differential equations in real-valued spaces.
The aim of this paper is to extend the fixed point results of contraction mappings in vectorial partially ordered sets by using vectorial norms introduced by Agarwal [12, 13] which will allow us to investigate the existence of periodic solutions of vectorial delay differential equations. For more on fixed point theory, the reader may consult the books [14, 15]. To be able to prove such results, we will need some monotonicity result of the flow. The main difficulty encountered comes from the fact that we are not working on a classical normed vector space. In fact, consider the example of the evolution of a burning zone. The velocity of its evolution is not the same if the burning area is narrow or if it is wide. In this case we cannot study the trajectory of one point without taking into account the others. Therefore we need to consider mappings defined on the subsets of which have nice properties with respect to a metric distance other than the regular norm.
In this paper we will use heavily the partial order in defined by
for any and .
In Section 3, we present an existence theorem and some examples of periodic solutions of delay differential equations. Throughout we will make the following vectorial assumption: There exist , , with , such that
for any such that .
2 Fixed point theorems in
The first version of the classical Banach contraction principle in partially ordered metric spaces was given by Ran and Reurings [16]. Their result was used in applications to linear and nonlinear matrix equations.
Theorem 2.1 [16]
Let be a complete metric space endowed with a partial ordering ⪯ such that every pair of elements of X has an upper and a lower bound. Let be monotone. Assume there exists such that
for any . If there exists with or , then for any , the sequence of iterates is convergent and its limit is independent of x.
Nieto and Rodríguez-López [3] extended the above theorem to obtain the following.
Theorem 2.2 [3]
Let be a complete metric space endowed with a partial ordering ⪯. Let be order-preserving (or monotone). Assume that there exists such that
for any . Assume that one of the following conditions holds:
-
(A)
f is continuous and there exists with or ;
-
(B)
is such that for any convergent nondecreasing sequence , we have for any ;
-
(C)
is such that for any convergent nonincreasing sequence , we have for any .
Then f has a fixed point. Moreover, if every pair of elements of X has an upper or a lower bound, then f has a unique fixed point and for any , the orbit converges to the fixed point of f.
Clearly, the vector linear space is partially ordered. Indeed, for any , we have and with for . We have
Let us summarize some basic properties of the partially ordered set that will be needed throughout this work. First if , then
are in . Obviously, we have
Moreover, if is any nondecreasing (resp. nonincreasing) convergent sequence in , we have
for any .
Clearly, one may define a norm on to make it a normed vector space. But it seems that a vector-valued norm will be useful in our applications to delay differential equations. Indeed, consider the vector-valued function defined by
for any . Then we have
-
(1)
if and only if ;
-
(2)
for any ;
-
(3)
for any , where the order in is the usual pointwise order inherited from ℝ.
Using the vector-valued norm , one may define the vector-valued distance
for any . This concept is not new. For example, Agarwal [12] (see also [13]) showed that the use of vector-valued distances may give better information about solutions of the systems of some differential equations. Note that is a complete metric space. Indeed, let be a Cauchy sequence in , i.e.,
Then the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in for any . Since is a complete metric space, there exist such that for . It is easy to check that converges to in , i.e.,
The above fixed point theorems may be stated in terms of vector-valued distances. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to do such generalization.
Theorem 2.3 Let be order-preserving (or monotone). Assume that there exists such that
for any . Assume that there exists with or . Then T has a unique fixed point , and for any , the sequence of iterates converges to h.
Proof First let us prove that is a Cauchy sequence in . Without loss of generality, let us assume that . Since T is order-preserving, then we have , which implies
for any . Since , we get
Hence is a Cauchy sequence. Since is complete, there exists such that
Since is nondecreasing, then we must have for any . The fundamental property satisfied by T will then imply
for any . Since converges to h, we get by the uniqueness of the limit. Let be such that . Then we have for any . So
for any . Since , we get
Hence . In order to finish the proof of Theorem 2.3, let . Set . Since , we get . Using the same argument, we get
The uniqueness of the fixed point follows from the above conclusion. □
3 Application to delay differential equations
Let . Consider the following equivalent problem to (1.1)-(1.2):
The aim of this section is to give an existence result of periodic solutions of the delay differential equations (1.1)-(1.3). The following lemma will be needed.
Lemma 3.1 Problem (3.1)-(3.3) is equivalent to the integral equation:
where
Proof Let us consider equation (3.1), then we have
Let us define
Hence
If , then we have
By using the periodic condition (3.3), we will have
Then, if , we get
which implies that
where is defined by (3.5). □
Before stating the main result of this section, we will need the following definition.
Definition 3.1 A lower function for (1.1) is a function such that
An upper solution for (1.1) satisfies the reversed inequalities.
The following theorem gives a sufficient condition for the existence of periodic solutions of a delay differential equation assuming the existence of a lower or an upper solution.
Theorem 3.1 Consider problem (1.1)-(1.2) with f continuous and satisfying (1.4). Then the existence of a lower solution or an upper solution for (1.1)-(1.2) provides the existence of a unique solution of (1.1)-(1.2).
Proof Let
We have
where is defined by (3.5). For each , we set , where
Let us consider the following operator for each :
Let us now consider the vector-valued metric on S introduced in the previous section:
We have from (1.4), for each , in S such that ,
We consider now the integral
On the other hand, we have
Then we get
Therefore we must have
Let us consider the lower solution of (1.1)-(1.2), then we will have
Hence
Otherwise, if is an upper solution, we will get for any . Theorem 2.3 will enable us to prove the existence and uniqueness of the periodic solution. □
Example 3.1 Let us consider the example of the degenerated linear differential equation [17]:
where the -matrix A satisfies and . Choose
where . Then we will have for . Indeed, if there exists such that , then we will have . Since , then we have and . This will generate a contradiction because A does not have nonzero eigenvalues. By using a simple integration over the interval , one can get
This implies that on . And on , one can get
It is clear that is a periodic solution. If we check condition (1.4) for , and for any , and such that , we will have
Also we can find such that for all , and
Then our vectorial condition (1.4) is also satisfied for the degenerated delay differential equation. Moreover, if we choose a constant vector v such that , then can be considered as a lower solution of the delay differential equation (3.13). This will guarantee the existence of periodic solutions.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this Research group No. (RG-1435-079).
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Bachar, M., Khamsi, M.A. Delay differential equations: a partially ordered sets approach in vectorial metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 193 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-193
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-193