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Best proximity points and extension of Mizoguchi-Takahashi’s fixed point theorems

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a multi-valued cyclic generalized contraction by extending the Mizoguchi and Takahashi’s contraction for non-self mappings. We also establish a best proximity point for such type contraction mappings in the context of metric spaces. Later, we characterize this result to investigate the existence of best proximity point theorems in uniformly convex Banach spaces. We state some illustrative examples to support our main theorems. Our results extend, improve and enrich some celebrated results in the literature, such as Nadler’s fixed point theorem, Mizoguchi and Takahashi’s fixed point theorem.

MSC:41A65, 46B20, 47H09, 47H10.

Dedication

Dedicated to Prof. W Takahashi on the occasion of his 70th birthday

1 Introduction

It is evident that the fixed point theory is one of the fundamental tools in nonlinear functional analysis. The celebrated Banach contraction mapping principle [1] is the most known and crucial result in fixed point theory. It says that each contraction in a complete metric space has a unique fixed point. This theorem not only guarantees the existence and uniqueness of the fixed point but also shows how to evaluate this point. By virtue of this fact, the Banach contraction mapping principle has been generalized in many ways over the years (see e.g., [25]).

Investigation of the existence and uniqueness of a fixed point of non-self mappings is one of the interesting subjects in fixed point theory. In fact, given nonempty closed subsets A and B of a complete metric space (X,d), a contraction non-self-mapping T:AB does not necessarily yield a fixed point Tx=x. In this case, it is very natural to investigate whether there is an element x such that d(x,Tx) is minimum. A notion of best proximity point appears at this point. A point x is called best proximity point of T:AB if

d(x,Tx)=d(A,B)=inf { d ( x , y ) : x A  and  y B } ,

where (X,d) is a metric space, and A, B are subsets of X. A best proximity point represents an optimal approximate solution to the equation Tx=x whenever a non-self-mapping T has no fixed point. It is clear that a fixed point coincides with a best proximity point if d(A,B)=0. Since a best proximity point reduces to a fixed point if the underlying mapping is assumed to be self-mappings, the best proximity point theorems are natural generalizations of the Banach’s contraction principle.

In 1969, Fan [6] introduced the notion of a best proximity and established a classical best approximation theorem. More precisely, if T:AB is a continuous mapping, then there exists an element xA such that d(x,Tx)=d(Tx,A), where A is a nonempty compact convex subset of a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space B. Subsequently, many researchers have studied the best proximity point results in many ways (see in [714] and the references therein).

In the same year, Nadler [15] gave a useful lemma about Hausdorff metric. In paper [15], the author also characterized the celebrated Banach fixed point theorem in the context of multi-valued mappings.

Lemma 1.1 (Nadler [15])

If A,BCB(X) and aA, then for each ϵ>0, there exists bB such that d(a,b)H(A,B)+ϵ.

Theorem 1.2 (Nadler [15])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and T:XCB(X). If there exists r[0,1) such that

H(Tx,Ty)rd(x,y),
(1.1)

for all x,yX, then T has at least one fixed point, that is, there exists zX such that zTz.

The theory of multi-valued mappings has applications in many areas such as in optimization problem, control theory, differential equations, economics and many branches in analysis. Due to this fact, a number of authors have focused on the topic and have published some interesting fixed point theorems in this frame (see [1619] and references therein). Following this trend, in 1989, Mizoguchi and Takahashi [17] proved a generalization (Theorem 1.3 below) of Theorem 1.2; see Theorem 2 in Alesina et al. [20]. Theorem 2 is a partial answer of Problem 9 in Reich [21]. See also [2224].

Theorem 1.3 (Mizoguchi and Takahashi [17])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and T:XCB(X). Assume that

H(Tx,Ty)α ( d ( x , y ) ) d(x,y),
(1.2)

for all x,yX, where α:[0,)[0,1) is MT-function (or -function), i.e.,

lim sup x t + α(x)<1

for all t[0,). Then T has at least one fixed point, that is, there exists zX such that zTz.

Remark 1.4 In original statement of Mizoguchi and Takahashi [17], the domain α is (0,). However both are equivalent, because d(x,y)=0 implies that H(Tx,Ty)=0.

Remark 1.5 We obtain that if α:[0,)[0,1) is a nondecreasing function or a nonincreasing function, then α is a MT-function. Therefore, the class of MT-functions is a rich class, and so this class has been investigated heavily by many authors.

In 2007, Eldred et al. [25] claimed that Theorem 1.3 is equivalent to Theorem 1.2 in the following sense:

If a mapping T:XCB(X) satisfies (1.2), then there exists a nonempty complete subset M of X satisfying the following:

  1. (i)

    M is T-invariant, that is, TxM for all xM,

  2. (ii)

    T satisfies (1.1) for all x,yM.

Very recently, Suzuki [26] gave an example which says that Mizoguchi-Takahashi’s fixed point theorem for multi-valued mappings is a real generalization of Nadler’s result. In his remarkable paper, Suzuki also gave a very simple proof of Mizoguchi-Takahashi’s theorem.

On the other hand, Kirk-Srinavasan-Veeramani [27] introduced the concept of a cyclic contraction.

Let A and B be two nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d), and let T:ABAB be a mapping. Then T is called a cyclic map if T(A)B and T(B)A. In addition, if T is a contraction, then T is called cyclic contraction.

The authors [27] give a characterization of Banach contraction mapping principle in complete metric spaces. After this initial paper, a number of papers has appeared on the topic in literature (see, e.g., [2739]).

In this paper, we introduce the notion of a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pair, which is an extension of Mizoguchi-Takahashi’s contraction mappings for non-self version and establish a best proximity point of such mappings in metric spaces via property UC due to Sintunavarat and Kumam [40]. Further, by applying the main results, we investigate best proximity point theorems in a uniformly convex Banach space. We also give some illustrative examples, which support our main results. Our results generalize, improve and enrich some well-known results in literature.

2 Preliminaries

In this section, we recall some basic definitions and elementary results in literature. Throughout this paper, we denote by the set of all positive integers, by the set of all real numbers and by R + the set of all nonnegative real numbers. We denote by CB(X) the class of all nonempty closed bounded subsets of a metric space (X,d). The Hausdorff metric induced by d on CB(X) is given by

H(A,B)=max { sup a A d ( a , B ) , sup b B d ( b , A ) } ,

for every A,BCB(X), where d(a,B)=inf{d(a,b):bB} is the distance from a to BX.

Remark 2.1 The following properties of the Hausdorff metric induced by d are well known:

  1. (i)

    H is a metric on CB(X).

  2. (ii)

    If A,BCB(X) and q>1 is given, then for every aA, there exists bB such that d(a,b)qH(A,B).

Definition 2.2 Let A and B be nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d) and let T:A 2 B be a multi-valued mapping. A point xA is said to be a best proximity point of a multi-valued mapping T if it satisfies the condition that

d(x,Tx)=d(A,B).

We notice that a best proximity point reduces to a fixed point for a multi-valued mapping if the underlying mapping is a self-mapping.

A Banach space X is said to be

  1. (i)

    strictly convex if the following implication holds for all x,yX:

    x=y=1andxy x + y 2 <1;
  2. (ii)

    uniformly convex if for each ϵ with 0<ϵ2, there exists δ>0 such that the following implication holds for all x,yX:

    x1,y1andxyϵ x + y 2 <1δ.

It is easy to see that a uniformly convex Banach space X is strictly convex, but the converse is not true.

Definition 2.3 [41]

Let A and B be nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d). The ordered pair (A,B) is said to satisfy the property UC if the following holds:

If { x n } and { z n } are sequences in A, and { y n } is a sequence in B such that d( x n , y n )d(A,B) and d( z n , y n )d(A,B), then d( x n , z n )0.

Example 2.4 [41]

The following are examples of a pair of nonempty subsets (A,B) satisfying the property UC.

  1. (i)

    Every pair of nonempty subsets A, B of a metric space (X,d) such that d(A,B)=0.

  2. (ii)

    Every pair of nonempty subsets A, B of a uniformly convex Banach space X such that A is convex.

  3. (iii)

    Every pair of nonempty subsets A, B of a strictly convex Banach space, where A is convex and relatively compact and the closure of B is weakly compact.

Definition 2.5 [40]

Let A and B be nonempty subsets of a metric space (X,d). The ordered pair (A,B) satisfies the property UC if (A,B) has property UC, and the following condition holds:

If { x n } and { z n } are sequences in A, and { y n } is a sequence in B satisfying

  1. (i)

    d( z n , y n )d(A,B).

  2. (ii)

    For every ϵ>0, there exists NN such that

    d( x m , y n )d(A,B)+ϵ

for all m>nN,

then d( x n , z n )0.

Example 2.6 The following are examples of a pair of nonempty subsets (A,B) satisfying the property UC.

  1. (i)

    Every pair of nonempty subsets A, B of a metric space (X,d) such that d(A,B)=0.

  2. (ii)

    Every pair of nonempty closed subsets A, B of uniformly convex Banach space X such that A is convex (see Lemma 3.7 in [42]).

3 Best proximity point for multi-valued mapping theorems

In this section, we investigate the existence and convergence of best proximity points for generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pairs and obtain some new results on fixed point theorems for such mappings. We begin by introducing the notion of multi-valued cyclic contraction.

Definition 3.1 Let A and B be nonempty subsets of a metric space X,T:A 2 B and S:B 2 A . The ordered pair (T,S) is said to be a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction if there exists a function α:[d(A,B),)[0,1) with

lim sup x t + α(x)<1

for each t[d(A,B),) such that

H(Tx,Sy)α ( d ( x , y ) ) d(x,y)+ ( 1 α ( d ( x , y ) ) ) d(A,B)
(3.1)

for all xA and yB.

Note that if (T,S) is a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction, then (S,T) is also a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction. Here, we state the main results of this paper on the existence of best proximity points for a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pair, which satisfies the property UC in metric spaces.

Theorem 3.2 Let A and B be nonempty closed subsets of a complete metric space X such that (A,B) and (B,A) satisfy the property UC. Let T:ACB(B) and S:BCB(A). If (T,S) is a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pair, then T has a best proximity point in A, or S has a best proximity point in B.

Proof We consider two cases separately.

Case 1. Suppose that d(A,B)=0. Define the function β:[d(A,B),)[0,1) by

β(t)= α ( t ) + 1 2

for t[d(A,B),)=[0,). Then we obtain that

lim sup s t + β(s)<1

for all t[0,).

Now, we will construct the sequence { x n } in X. Let x 0 A be an arbitrary point. Since T x 0 CB(B), we can choose x 1 T x 0 . If x 1 = x 0 , we have x 0 T x 0 , and then x 0 is a best proximity point of T. Also, it follows from (3.1) with x= x 0 and y= x 1 that T x 0 =S x 1 . This implies that x 1 S x 1 . Therefore, x 1 is a best proximity point of S, and we finish the proof. Otherwise, if x 0 x 1 , by Lemma 1.1, there exists x 2 S x 1 such that

d ( x 1 , x 2 ) H ( T x 0 , S x 1 ) + [ 1 α ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) 2 ] d ( x 0 , x 1 ) α ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) d ( x 0 , x 1 ) + ( 1 α ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) ) d ( A , B ) + [ 1 α ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) 2 ] d ( x 0 , x 1 ) = [ 1 + α ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) 2 ] d ( x 0 , x 1 ) = β ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) d ( x 0 , x 1 ) .

If x 2 = x 1 , we have x 1 S x 1 , and then x 1 is a best proximity point of S. Also, it follows from (3.1) with x= x 2 and y= x 1 that T x 2 =S x 1 . This implies that x 2 T x 2 . Therefore, x 2 is a best proximity point of T, and we finish the proof. Otherwise, if x 2 x 1 , by Lemma 1.1, there exists x 3 T x 2 such that

d ( x 2 , x 3 ) H ( S x 1 , T x 2 ) + [ 1 α ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) 2 ] d ( x 1 , x 2 ) = H ( T x 2 , S x 1 ) + [ 1 α ( d ( x 2 , x 1 ) ) 2 ] d ( x 2 , x 1 ) α ( d ( x 2 , x 1 ) ) d ( x 2 , x 1 ) + ( 1 α ( d ( x 2 , x 1 ) ) ) d ( A , B ) + [ 1 α ( d ( x 2 , x 1 ) ) 2 ] d ( x 2 , x 1 ) = [ 1 + α ( d ( x 2 , x 1 ) ) 2 ] d ( x 2 , x 1 ) = β ( d ( x 2 , x 1 ) ) d ( x 2 , x 1 ) = β ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) d ( x 1 , x 2 ) .

By repeating this process, we can find x n such that

d( x n + 1 , x n + 2 )β ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) d( x n , x n + 1 )<d( x n , x n + 1 )

for all nN.

Thus, for fixed x 0 A, we can define a sequence { x n } in X satisfying

x 2 n S x 2 n 1 Aand x 2 n 1 T x 2 n 2 B

such that

d( x n + 1 , x n + 2 )β ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) d( x n , x n + 1 )<d( x n , x n + 1 )

for nN. Therefore, {d( x n , x n + 1 )} is a strictly decreasing sequence in R + . So {d( x n , x n + 1 )} converges to some nonnegative real number ρ. Since lim sup s ρ + β(s)<1 and β(ρ)<1, there exist r[0,1) and η>0 such that β(s)r for all s[ρ,ρ+η]. We can take νN such that

ρd( x n , x n + 1 )ρ+η

for all nN with nν. Then since

d( x n + 1 , x n + 2 )β ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) d( x n , x n + 1 )rd( x n , x n + 1 )

for nN with nν, we have

n = 1 d( x n , x n + 1 ) n = 1 ν d( x n , x n + 1 )+ n = ν d( x n , x n + 1 )<,

that is, { x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is complete, { x n } converges to some point zX. Clearly, the subsequences { x 2 n } and { x 2 n 1 } converge to the same point z. Since A and B are closed, we derive that zAB. We consider that

d ( T z , z ) = lim n d ( T z , x 2 n ) lim n H ( T z , S x 2 n 1 ) lim n β ( d ( z , x 2 n 1 ) ) d ( z , x 2 n 1 ) lim n d ( z , x 2 n 1 ) = 0 = d ( A , B ) .

Hence we get d(z,Tz)=d(A,B). Analogously, we also obtain d(z,Sz)=d(A,B).

Case 2. We will show that T or S have best proximity points in A and B, respectively, under the assumption of d(A,B)>0. Suppose, to the contrary, that for all aA, d(a,Ta)>d(A,B) and for all b B, d(S b , b )>d(A,B).

Next, we define a function β:[d(A,B),)[0,1) by

β(t)= α ( t ) + 1 2

for all t[d(A,B),). So we derive lim sup x t + β(x)<1 and α(t)<β(t) for all t[d(A,B),).

For each aA and bTa, we have

d(A,B)<d(a,Ta)d(a,b).

Therefore,

[ β ( d ( a , b ) ) α ( d ( a , b ) ) ] d(A,B)< [ β ( d ( a , b ) ) α ( d ( a , b ) ) ] d(a,b),

and then we get

α ( d ( a , b ) ) d ( a , b ) + ( 1 α ( d ( a , b ) ) ) d ( A , B ) < β ( d ( a , b ) ) d ( a , b ) + ( 1 β ( d ( a , b ) ) ) d ( A , B ) .
(3.2)

Since (T,S) is a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pair, by (3.2), we conclude

H ( T a , S b ) α ( d ( a , b ) ) d ( a , b ) + ( 1 α ( d ( a , b ) ) ) d ( A , B ) < β ( d ( a , b ) ) d ( a , b ) + ( 1 β ( d ( a , b ) ) ) d ( A , B )
(3.3)

for all aA and bTa.

Similarly, we obtain that for each b B and a S b , we have

H ( T a , S b ) <β ( d ( a , b ) ) d ( a , b ) + ( 1 β ( d ( a , b ) ) ) d(A,B).
(3.4)

Next, we will construct the sequence { x n } in AB. Let x 0 be an arbitrary point in A and x 1 T x 0 B. From (3.3), there exists x 2 S x 1 A such that

d( x 1 , x 2 )<β ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) d( x 0 , x 1 )+ ( 1 β ( d ( x 0 , x 1 ) ) ) d(A,B).
(3.5)

Since x 1 B and x 2 S x 1 , from (3.4), we can find x 3 T x 2 such that

d( x 2 , x 3 )<β ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) d( x 1 , x 2 )+ ( 1 β ( d ( x 1 , x 2 ) ) ) d(A,B).
(3.6)

Analogously, we can define the sequence { x n } in AB such that

x 2 n 1 T x 2 n 2 , x 2 n S x 2 n 1

and

d( x n , x n + 1 )<β ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) d( x n 1 , x n )+ ( 1 β ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) ) d(A,B)
(3.7)

for all nN. Since β(d( x n 1 , x n ))<1 and d(A,B)<d( x n 1 , x n ) for all nN, we get

d ( x n , x n + 1 ) < β ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) d ( x n 1 , x n ) + ( 1 β ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) ) d ( x n 1 , x n ) = d ( x n 1 , x n )
(3.8)

for all nN. Therefore, {d( x n 1 , x n )} is a strictly decreasing sequence in R + and bounded below. So the sequence {d( x n 1 , x n )} converges to some nonnegative real number d. Since lim sup x d + β(x)<1 and β(d)<1, there exist d 0 [0,1) and ϵ>0 such that β(s) d 0 for all s[d,d+ϵ]. Now, we can take N 0 N such that

dd( x n 1 , x n )d+ϵ

for all n N 0 . From (3.7), we have

d( x n , x n + 1 )< d 0 d( x n 1 , x n )+(1 d 0 )d(A,B)
(3.9)

for all n N 0 . By the same consideration, we obtain

d(A,B)<d( x n , x n + 1 )< d 0 n N 0 d( x N 0 , x N 0 + 1 )+ ( 1 d 0 n N 0 ) d(A,B)
(3.10)

for all n N 0 . Since d 0 [0,1), we get

lim n d( x n , x n + 1 )=d(A,B).
(3.11)

From (3.11), we conclude that

lim n d( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 )=d(A,B),
(3.12)

and

lim n d( x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 )=d(A,B).
(3.13)

Since { x 2 n } and { x 2 n + 2 } are two sequences in A, and { x 2 n + 1 } is sequence in B with (A,B) satisfies the property UC, we derive that

lim n d( x 2 n , x 2 n + 2 )=0.
(3.14)

Since (B,A) satisfies the property UC, and by (3.11), we find that

lim n d( x 2 n 1 , x 2 n + 1 )=0.
(3.15)

Next, we show that for each ϵ>0, there exists NN such that for all m>nN, we have

d( x 2 m , x 2 n + 1 )d(A,B)+ϵ.
(3.16)

Suppose, to the contrary, that there exists ϵ 0 >0 such that for each k1, there is m k > n k k such that

d( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 )>d(A,B)+ ϵ 0 .
(3.17)

Further, corresponding to n k , we can choose m k in such a way that it is the smallest integer with m k > n k k satisfying (3.17). Then we have

d( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 )>d(A,B)+ ϵ 0
(3.18)

and

d( x 2 ( m k 1 ) , x 2 n k + 1 )d(A,B)+ ϵ 0 .
(3.19)

From (3.18), (3.19) and the triangle inequality, we have

d ( A , B ) + ϵ 0 < d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) d ( x 2 m k , x 2 ( m k 1 ) ) + d ( x 2 ( m k 1 ) , x 2 n k + 1 ) d ( x 2 m k , x 2 ( m k 1 ) ) + d ( A , B ) + ϵ 0 .
(3.20)

Using the fact that lim k d( x 2 m k , x 2 ( m k 1 ) )=0. Letting k in (3.20), we have

lim k d( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 )=d(A,B)+ ϵ 0 .
(3.21)

From (3.8), (3.9) and (T,S) is a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pair, we get

d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) d ( x 2 m k , x 2 m k + 2 ) + d ( x 2 m k + 2 , x 2 n k + 3 ) + d ( x 2 n k + 3 , x 2 n k + 1 ) < d ( x 2 m k , x 2 m k + 2 ) + d ( x 2 m k + 1 , x 2 n k + 2 ) + d ( x 2 n k + 3 , x 2 n k + 1 ) d ( x 2 m k , x 2 m k + 2 ) + d ( x 2 n k + 3 , x 2 n k + 1 ) + α ( d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) ) d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) + ( 1 α ( d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) ) ) d ( A , B ) < d ( x 2 m k , x 2 m k + 2 ) + d ( x 2 n k + 2 , x 2 n k + 1 ) + β ( d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) ) d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) + ( 1 β ( d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) ) ) d ( A , B ) d ( x 2 m k , x 2 m k + 2 ) + d ( x 2 n k + 2 , x 2 n k + 1 ) + d 0 d ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k + 1 ) + ( 1 d 0 ) d ( A , B ) .
(3.22)

Letting k in (3.22) and using (3.14), (3.15) and (3.21), we have

d(A,B)+ ϵ 0 d 0 ( d ( A , B ) + ϵ 0 ) +(1 d 0 )d(A,B)=d(A,B)+ d 0 ϵ 0 ,

which is a contradiction. Therefore, (3.16) holds.

Since (3.12) and (3.16) hold, by using property UC of (A,B), we have d( x 2 n , x 2 m )0. Therefore, { x 2 n } is a Cauchy sequence. By the completeness of X and since A is closed, we get

lim n x 2 n =p
(3.23)

for some p A ¯ =A. But

d ( A , B ) d ( p , x 2 n 1 ) d ( p , x 2 n ) + d ( x 2 n , x 2 n 1 )

for all nN. From (3.11) and (3.23),

lim n d(p, x 2 n 1 )=d(A,B).
(3.24)

Since

d ( A , B ) < d ( x 2 n , T p ) H ( S x 2 n 1 , T p ) = H ( T p , S x 2 n 1 ) α ( d ( p , x 2 n 1 ) ) d ( p , x 2 n 1 ) + ( 1 d ( p , x 2 n 1 ) ) d ( A , B ) d ( p , x 2 n 1 )
(3.25)

for all nN. By (3.23) and (3.24), we get

d(p,Tp)=d(A,B).
(3.26)

In a similar mode, we can conclude that the sequence { x 2 n 1 } is a Cauchy sequence in B. Since X is complete, and since B is closed, we have

lim n x 2 n 1 =q
(3.27)

for some q B ¯ =B. Since

d ( A , B ) d ( x 2 n , q ) d ( x 2 n , x 2 n 1 ) + d ( x 2 n 1 , q )

for all nN. It follows from (3.11) and (3.27) that

lim n d( x 2 n ,q)=d(A,B).
(3.28)

Since

d ( A , B ) < d ( S q , x 2 n + 1 ) H ( S q , T x 2 n ) = H ( T x 2 n , S q ) α ( d ( x 2 n , q ) ) d ( x 2 n , q ) + ( 1 d ( x 2 n , q ) ) d ( A , B ) d ( x 2 n , q )
(3.29)

for all nN, then by (3.27) and (3.28), we have

d(q,Sq)=d(A,B).
(3.30)

From (3.26) and (3.30), we have a contradiction. Therefore, T has a best proximity point in A or S has a best proximity point in B. This completes the proof. □

Remark 3.3 If d(A,B)=0, then Theorem 3.2 yields existence of a fixed point in AB of two multi-valued non-self mappings S and T. Moreover, if A=B=X and T=S, then Theorem 3.2 reduces to Mizoguchi-Takahashi’s fixed point theorem [17].

Note that every pair of nonempty closed subsets A, B of a uniformly convex Banach space such that A is convex satisfies the property UC. Therefore, we obtain the following corollary.

Corollary 3.4 Let A and B be nonempty closed convex subsets of a uniformly convex Banach space X,T:ACB(B) and S:BCB(A). If (T,S) is a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pair, then T has a best proximity point in A or S has a best proximity point in B.

Next, we give some illustrative examples of Corollary 3.4.

Example 3.5 Consider the uniformly convex Banach space X=R with Euclidean norm. Let A=[1,2] and B=[2,1]. Then A and B are nonempty closed and convex subsets of X and d(A,B)=2. Since A and B are convex, we have (A,B) and (B,A) satisfy the property UC.

Let T:ACB(B) and S:BCB(A) be defined as

Tx= [ x 1 2 , 1 ]

for all xA and

Sy= [ 1 , y + 1 2 ]

for all yB.

Let α:[d(A,B),)[0,1) be defined by α(t)= 1 2 for all t[d(A,B),)=[2,). Next, we show that (T,S) is a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pair with α(t)= 1 2 for all t[2,).

For each xA and yB, we have

H ( T x , S y ) = H ( [ x 1 2 , 1 ] , [ 1 , y + 1 2 ] ) | ( x 1 2 ) ( y + 1 2 ) | = | x + y 2 2 | 1 2 | x y | + 1 = 1 2 d ( x , y ) + 1 2 d ( A , B ) = α ( d ( x , y ) ) d ( x , y ) + ( 1 α ( d ( x , y ) ) ) d ( A , B ) .

Therefore, all assumptions of Corollary 3.4 are satisfied, and then T has a best proximity point in A, that is, a point x=1. Moreover, S also has a best proximity point in B, that is, a point y=1.

Example 3.6 Consider the uniformly convex Banach space X= R 2 with Euclidean norm. Let

A:= { ( 0 , x ) : x 0 }

and

B= { ( 2 , y ) : y 0 } .

Then A and B are nonempty closed and convex subsets of X and d(A,B)=2. Since A and B are convex, we have (A,B) and (B,A) satisfy the property UC.

Let T:ACB(B) and S:BCB(A) be defined as

T(0,x)={2}× [ 0 , x 2 ]

and

S(2,y)={0}× [ 0 , y 2 ]

for all x,y0.

Let α:[d(A,B),)[0,1) define by α(t)= 1 2 for all t[d(A,B),)=[2,). Next, we show that (T,S) is a generalized multi-valued cyclic contraction pair with mapping α(t)= 1 2 for all t[2,).

For each (0,x)A and (2,y)B, we have

H ( T ( 0 , x ) , S ( 2 , y ) ) = H ( { 2 } × [ 0 , x 2 ] , { 0 } × [ 0 , y 2 ] ) = 4 + ( | x y | 2 ) 2 1 2 ( 4 + | x y | 2 ) + 1 = 1 2 d ( ( 0 , x ) , ( 2 , y ) ) + 1 2 d ( A , B ) = α ( d ( ( 0 , x ) , ( 2 , y ) ) ) d ( ( 0 , x ) , ( 2 , y ) ) + ( 1 α ( d ( ( 0 , x ) , ( 2 , y ) ) ) ) d ( A , B ) .

Therefore, all assumptions of Corollary 3.4 are satisfied, and then T has a best proximity point in A that is a point (0,0). Furthermore, S also has a best proximity point in B that is a point (2,0).

Open problems

  • In Theorem 3.2, can we replace the property UC by a more general property?

  • In Theorem 3.2, can we drop the property UC?

  • Can we extend the result in this paper to another spaces?

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Acknowledgements

Poom Kumam was supported by the Commission on Higher Education, the Thailand Research Fund and the King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Grant No. MRG5580213).

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Kumam, P., Aydi, H., Karapınar, E. et al. Best proximity points and extension of Mizoguchi-Takahashi’s fixed point theorems. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2013, 242 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-242

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