Skip to main content

Some notes on the paper "The equivalence of cone metric spaces and metric spaces"

Abstract

In this article, we shall show that the metrics defined by Feng and Mao, and Du are equivalent. We also provide some examples for one of the metrics.

1 Introduction and preliminary

Let E be a topological vector space (t.v.s.) with zero vector θ. A nonempty subset K of E is called a convex cone if K + K K and λK K for each λ 0. A convex cone K is said to be pointed if K ∩ - K = {θ}. For a given cone K E, we can define a partial ordering with respect to K by

x y y - x K .

x < y will stand for x y and xy while x y stands for y − x , where denotes the interior of K. In the following, we shall always assume that Y is a locally convex Hausdorff t.v.s. with zero vector θ, K is a proper, closed, and convex pointed cone in Y with , e and a partial ordering with respect to K. The nonlinear scalarization function ξ e :Y is defined by

ξ e ( y ) = inf { r : y r e - K }

for all y Y.

We will use P instead of K when E is a real Banach spaces.

Lemma 1.1 [1] For each r R and y Y, the following statements are satisfied:

(i) ξ e (y) ≤ r y re − K.

(ii) ξ e (y) > r y re − K.

(iii) ξ e (y) ≥ r y re − K°.

(iv) ξ e (y) < r y re − K°.

(v) ξ e (.) is positively homogeneous and continuous on Y .

(vi) y1 y2 + K ξ e (y2) ≤ ξ e (y1)

(vii) ξ e (y1 + y2) ≤ ξ e (y1) + ξ e (y2) for all y1, y2 Y.

Definition 1.2 [1] Let X be a nonempty set. A vector-valued function d : X × XY is said to be a TVS-cone metric, if the following conditions hold:

(C1) θ d(x, y) for all x, y X and d(x, y) = θ iff x = y

(C2) d(x, y) = d(y, x) for all x, y X

(C3)d(x, y) (x, z) + d(z, y) for all x, y, z X.

The pair (X, d) is then called a TVS-cone metric space.

Huang and Zhang [2] discuss the case in which Y is a real Banach space and call a vector-valued function d : X × XY a cone metric if d satisfies (C1)-(C3). Clearly, a cone metric space, in the sense of Huang and Zhang, is a special case of a TVS-cone metric space.

In the following, some conclusions are listed.

Lemma 1.3 [3] Let (X, D) be a cone metric space. Then

d ( x , y ) = inf { u P | D ( x , y ) u } | | u | | , x , y X

is a metric on X.

Theorem 1.4 [3] The metric space (X, d) is complete if and only if the cone metric space (X, D) is complete .

Theorem 1.5 [1] Let (X, D) be a TVS-cone metric space. Then d2 : X × X → [0, ∞) defined by d2(x, y) = ξ e (D(x, y)) is a metric.

2 Main results

We first show that the metrics introduced the Lemma 1.3 and the Theorem 1.5 are equivalent. Then, we provide some examples involving the metric defined in Lemma 1.3.

Theorem 2.1 For every cone metric D : X × XE there exists a metric d:X×X + which is equivalent to D on X.

Proof. Define d(x, y) = inf {||u||: D(x, y) u}. By the Lemma 1.3 d is a metric. We shall now show that each sequence {x n } X which converges to a point x X in the (X, d) metric also converges to x in the (X, D) metric, and conversely. We have

n , m u n m s u c h t h a t | | u n m | | < d ( x n , x ) + 1 m , D ( x n , x ) u n m .

Put v n := u nn then || v n ||<d ( x n , x ) + 1 n and D(x n , x) v n . Now if x n x in (X, d) then d(x n , x) → 0 and so v n → 0 too, therefore for all c 0 there exists N such that v n c for all n ≥ N. This implies that D(x n , x) c for all n ≥ N. Namely x n x in (X, D).

Conversely, for every real ε > 0, choose c E with c 0 and ||c|| < ε. Then there exists N such that D(x n , x) c for all n ≥ N. This means that for all ε > 0 there exists N such that d(x n , x) ||c|| < ε for all n ≥ N. Therefore d(x n , x) → 0 as n so x n x in (X, d).

Theorem 2.2 If d1(x, y) = inf {||u||: D(x, y) u} and d2(x, y) = ξ e (D(x, y)) where D is a cone metric on X. Then d1 is equivalent with d2.

Proof. Let x n d 1 x then d 1 ( x n , x ) 0so by Theorem 2.1 in x n D x so

ε > 0 , e 0 N n ( n N D ( x n , x ) ε e ) ,

and or εe − D(x n , x) for all n ≥ N. So D(x n , x) e - for n ≥ N. Now by [[1], Lemma 1.1 (iv)] ξ e (D(x n , x)) < ε for all n ≥ N. Namely d2(x n , x) < ε for all n ≥ N therefore d 2 ( x n , x ) 0 or x n d 2 x.

Conversely, x n d 2 x hence d 2 ( x n , x ) 0 so ξ e ( D ( x n , x ) ) 0, therefore

ε > 0 N n ( n N ξ e ( D ( x n , x ) ) < ε ) .

So D(x n , x) εe−K° for n ≥ N by [[1], Lemma 1.1 (iv)]. Hence, D(x n , x) = εe−k for some k , so D(x n , x) εe for n ≥ N this implies that x n D x and again by Theorem 2.1 x n d 1 x. □

In the following examples, we use the metric of Lemma 1.3.

Example 2.3 Let 0aP n with ||a|| = 1 and for every x,y n define

D ( x , y ) = a , x y ; 0 , x = y .

Then D is a cone metric on n and its equivalent metric d is

d ( x , y ) = 1 , x y ; 0 , x = y ,

which is a discrete metric.

Example 2.4 Let a, b ≥ 0 and consider the cone metric D:× 2 with

D ( x , y ) = ( a d 1 ( x , y ) , b d 2 ( x , y ) )

where d1, d2 are metrics on . Then its equivalent metric is

d ( x , y ) = a 2 + b 2 | | ( d 1 ( x , y ) , d 2 ( x , y ) ) | | .

In particular if d1(x, y):= |x − y| and d2(x, y):= α|x − y|, where α ≥ 0 then D is the same famous cone metric which has been introduced in [[2], Example 1] and its equivalent metric is

d ( x , y ) = 1 + α 2 | x - y | .

Example 2.5 For q > 0, b > 1, E = lq, P = {{x n } n ≥1 : x n 0, for all n} and (X, ρ) a metric space, define D : X × XE which is the same cone metric as [[4], Example 1.3] by

D ( x , y ) = ρ ( x , y ) b n 1 q n 1 .

Then its equivalent metric on × is

d ( x , y ) = ρ ( x , y ) b n 1 q n 1 l q = n = 1 ρ ( x , y ) b n 1 q = ρ ( x , y ) b - 1 1 q .

References

  1. Du WS: A note on cone metric fixed point theory and its equivalence. Nonlinear Anal 2010, 72: 2259–2261. 10.1016/j.na.2009.10.026

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Huang LG, Zhang X: Cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems of contractive mapping. J Math Anal Appl 2007, 322(2):1468–1476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Feng Y, Mao W: Equivalence of cone metric spaces and metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory 2010, 11(2):259–264.

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Haghi RH, Rezapour Sh: Fixed points of multifunctions on regular cone metric spaces. Expositiones Mathematicae 2010, 28(1):71–77. 10.1016/j.exmath.2009.04.001

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran. Mehdi Asadi would like to acknowledge this support. The first and third authors would like proudly to dedicate this paper to Professor Billy E. Rhoades in recognition of his the valuable works in mathematics. The authors would also like to thank Professor S. Mansour Vaezpour for his helpful advise which led them to present this article. They also express their deep gratitude to the referee for his/her valuable comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mehdi Asadi.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Asadi, M., Rhoades, B.E. & Soleimani, H. Some notes on the paper "The equivalence of cone metric spaces and metric spaces". Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 87 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-87

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-87

Keywords