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The structure of fixed-point sets of Lipschitzian type semigroups

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to establish some results on the structure of fixed point sets for one-parameter semigroups of nonlinear mappings which are not necessarily Lipschitzian in Banach spaces. Our results improve several known existence and convergence fixed point theorems for semigroups which are not necessarily Lipschitzian.

MSC:47H09, 47H10, 47B20, 54C15.

1 Introduction

Let C be a nonempty subset of a Banach space X and T:CC a mapping. We use Fix(T) to denote the set of all fixed points of T. A nonempty closed convex subset D of C is said to satisfy property (ω) with respect to mapping T [1] if

(ω) ω T (x)D for every xD,

where ω T (x) denotes the set of all weak subsequential limits of { T n x:nN}. Moreover, T is said to satisfy the (ω)-fixed point property if T has a fixed point in every nonempty closed convex subset D of C which satisfies property (ω). For a Lipschitzian mapping S:CC, we use the symbol σ(S) to denote the exact Lipschitz constant of S, i.e.,

σ(S)=inf { k [ 0 , ] : S x S y k x y  for all  x , y C } .

A mapping T:CC is said to be

  1. (1)

    nonexpansive if σ(T)=1,

  2. (2)

    asymptotically nonexpansive [2] if σ( T n )1 for all nN and lim n σ( T n )=1,

  3. (3)

    uniformly L-Lipschitzian if σ( T n )=L for all nN and for some L(0,).

In general, the fixed-point set of a nonexpansive mapping need not be convex and can be extremely irregular. Suppose that C is a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of a Banach space X and T:CC is a nonexpansive mapping with Fix(T). Obviously, Fix(T) is a closed set. Fix(T) is convex if X is strictly convex (see [3, 4]).

Nonexpansive retracts have been studied in several contexts (for example, convex geometry [5], extension problems [6], fixed point theory [7], optimal sets [8]). It is well known that if C is a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of a Banach space and if a nonexpansive mapping T:CC has a fixed point in every nonempty closed convex subset of C which is invariant under T, then Fix(T) is a nonexpansive retract of C (that is, there exists a nonexpansive mapping R:CFix(T) such that R | Fix ( T ) =I) (see [[7], Theorem 2]). The Bruck result was extended by Benavides and Ramirez [1] to the case of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings if the space X was sufficiently regular.

The class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings was introduced by Goebel and Kirk [2] in 1972 and they proved that if C is a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of a uniformly convex Banach space, then every asymptotically nonexpansive self-mapping of C has a fixed point. Several authors have studied the existence of fixed points of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces having rich geometric structure, see [1, 9, 10].

There is a class of mappings which lies strictly between the class of contraction mappings and the class of nonexpansive mappings. The class of pointwise contractions was introduced in Belluce and Kirk [11], and later it was called ‘generalized contractions’ in [12]. Banach’s celebrated contraction principle was extended to this larger class of mappings as follows:

Theorem 1.1 [11, 12]

Let C be a nonempty weakly compact convex subset of a Banach space and T:CC a pointwise contraction. Then T has a unique fixed point x , and { T n x} converges strongly to x for each xC.

Kirk [13] combined the ideas of pointwise contraction [11] and asymptotic contraction [14] and introduced the concept of an asymptotic pointwise contraction. He announced that an asymptotic pointwise contraction defined on a closed convex bounded subset of a super-reflexive Banach space has a fixed point. Recently, Kirk and Xu [15] gave a simple and elementary proof of the fact that an asymptotic pointwise contraction defined on a weakly compact convex set always has a unique fixed point (with convergence of Picard iterates). They also introduced the concept of pointwise asymptotically nonexpansive mapping and proved that every pointwise asymptotically nonexpansive mapping defined on a closed convex bounded subset of a uniformly convex Banach space has a fixed point.

Every asymptotically nonexpansive mapping is uniformly L-Lipschitzian, and the (ω)-fixed point property of uniformly L-Lipschitzian mappings is closely related to the class of nonexpansive and asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. In this connection, a deep result of Casini and Maluta [16] was generalized by Lim and Xu [17] as follows:

Theorem LX (Lim and Xu [[17], Theorem 1])

Let X be a Banach space with a uniform normal structure and let N(X) be the normal structure coefficient of X. Let C be a nonempty bounded subset of X and T:CC a uniformly L-Lipschitzian mapping with L< N ( X ) . Then T satisfies the (ω)-fixed point property.

The (ω)-fixed point property plays a key role in the existence and approximation of solutions of fixed point problems and variational inequality problems, see [1720].

The mapping theory for accretive mappings is closely related to the fixed point theory of pseudo-contractive mappings. Recently, applications of the semigroup result on the existence of solutions to certain partial differential equations have been explored in Hester and Morales [21]. They proved that the semigroup result directly implies the existence of unique global solutions to time evolution equations of the form u =Au, where A is a combination of derivatives. In many applications, semigroups are not necessarily Lipschitzian. It is an interesting problem to extend fixed point existence results, namely Theorem LX, for semigroups of nonlinear mappings which are not necessarily Lipschitzian.

Motivated by the results above, in this paper we establish some results on the structure of fixed point sets for one-parameter semigroups of nonlinear mappings which are not necessarily Lipschitzian in Banach spaces. Our theorems significantly extend Theorem LX to more general Banach spaces and to a more general class of operators. We obtain a general convergence theorem for semigroups of non-Lipschitzian pseudo-contractive mappings. Our results improve several known fixed point problems and variational inequality problems for semigroups which are not necessarily Lipschitzian.

2 Preliminaries

Let R + denote the set of nonnegative real numbers, and let N 0 denote the set of nonnegative integers. Throughout this paper, G denotes an unbounded set of R + :=[0,) such that s+tG for all s,tG and stG for all s,tG with st (often G= N 0 or R + ).

2.1 Lipschitzian type mappings

Let C be a nonempty subset of a Banach space X and T:CC a mapping. Then T is called

  1. (i)

    pointwise contractive [11] if there exists a function α:C[0,1) such that TxTyα(x)xy for all x,yC;

  2. (ii)

    asymptotic pointwise contractive [13] if for each nN, there exists a function α n :C[0,1) such that T n x T n y α n (x)xy for all x,yC, where α n α pointwise on C;

  3. (iii)

    pointwise asymptotically nonexpansive [15] if for each integer nN, T n x T n y α n (x)xy for all x,yC, where α n 1 pointwise;

  4. (iv)

    asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense [22] provided T is uniformly continuous and

    lim sup n sup x , y C ( T n x T n y x y ) 0;
    (2.1)
  5. (v)

    mapping of asymptotically nonexpansive type [23] if

    lim sup n sup y C ( T n x T n y x y ) 0for all xC.

Fix a sequence { a n } in [0,) with a n 0. A mapping T:CC is said to be nearly Lipschitzian with respect to { a n } [24] if for each nN, there exists a constant k n >0 such that

T n x T n y k n ( x y + a n )
(2.2)

for all x,yC. The infimum of constants k n in (2.2) is called nearly Lipschitz constant and is denoted by η( T n ). A nearly Lipschitzian mapping T with the sequence {( a n ,η( T n ))} is called

  1. (i)

    nearly contractive if η( T n )<1 for all nN,

  2. (ii)

    nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian if η( T n )L for all nN,

  3. (iii)

    nearly uniformly k-contractive if η( T n )k<1 for all nN,

  4. (iv)

    nearly nonexpansive if η( T n )=1 for all nN,

  5. (v)

    nearly asymptotically nonexpansive if η( T n )1 for all nN with lim n η( T n )=1.

The mapping T is said to be demicontinuous if, whenever a sequence { x n } in C converges strongly to xC, then {T x n } converges weakly to Tx. The mapping T is said to be weakly contractive if

TxTyxyψ ( x y ) for all x,yC,

where ψ:[0,)[0,) is a continuous and nondecreasing function such that ψ(0)=0, ψ(t)>0 for t>0 and lim t ψ(t)=.

Let C be a convex subset of a Banach space X and D a nonempty subset of C. Then a continuous mapping P from C onto D is called a retraction if Px=x for all xD, i.e., P 2 =P. A retraction P is said to be sunny if P(Px+t(xPx))=Px for each xC and t0 with Px+t(xPx)C. If the sunny retraction P is also nonexpansive, then D is said to be a sunny nonexpansive retract of C.

In what follows, we shall make use of the following lemmas:

Lemma 2.1 [3]

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a Banach space X and T:CC a continuous strongly pseudo-contractive mapping. Then T has a unique fixed point in C.

Lemma 2.2 (Goebel and Reich [[4], Lemma 13.1])

Let C be a convex subset of a smooth Banach space X, D a nonempty subset of C and P a retraction from C onto D. Then the following are equivalent:

  1. (a)

    P is sunny and nonexpansive.

  2. (b)

    xPx,J(zPx)0 for all xC, zD.

  3. (c)

    xy,J(PxPy) P x P y 2 for all x,yC.

2.2 Semigroups

Let C be a nonempty subset of a Banach space X. The one-parameter family F:={T(t):tG} is said to be a strongly continuous semigroup of mappings from C into itself if

  1. (I)

    T(0)x=x for all xC;

  2. (II)

    T(s+t)=T(s)T(t) for all s,tG;

  3. (III)

    for each xC, the mapping T()x from G into C is continuous.

We denote by Fix(F) the set of all common fixed points of , i.e., Fix(F):= t G Fix(T(t)). For a Lipschitzian semigroup , we write

σ(F):= lim inf t σ ( T ( t ) ) .

If satisfies (I)-(III) and

lim t T ( t ) x T ( s ) T ( t ) x =0for all xC and sG,
(ar)

then is called asymptotically regular on C. If satisfies (I)-(III) and

lim t ( sup x C ˜ T ( t ) x T ( s ) T ( t ) x ) =0for all s>0 and bounded  C ˜ C,
(uar)

then is called uniformly asymptotically regular on C.

A Lipschitzian semigroup is called a

  1. (i)

    uniformly L-Lipschitzian semigroup if sup t G σ(T(t))=L<;

  2. (ii)

    nonexpansive semigroup if σ(T(t))=1 for all tG;

  3. (iii)

    asymptotically nonexpansive semigroup if σ(T(t))1 for all tG and lim t σ(T(t))=1.

2.3 Asymptotic center

Throughout the paper, (X,) is a Banach space which is assumed not to be Schur. That is, X has weakly convergent sequences that are not norm convergent. Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a Banach space X and { x t } t G a bounded set in X. Consider the functional r a (, { x t } t G ):X R + defined by

r a ( x , { x t } t G ) = lim sup G t x t x,xX.

The infimum of r a (, { x t } t G ) over C is said to be the asymptotic radius of { x t } t G with respect to C and is denoted by r a (C, { x t } t G ). A point zC is said to be an asymptotic center of { x t } t G with respect to C if

r a ( z , { x t } t G ) =inf { r a ( x , { x t } t G ) : x C } .

The set of all asymptotic centers of { x t } t G with respect to C is denoted by Z a (C, { x t } t G ). A number diam a ( { x t } t G )= lim sup G k (sup{ x s x t :s,tk}) is called an asymptotic diameter of { x t } t G . It is well known that if X is reflexive, then Z a (C, { x t } t G ) is nonempty closed convex and bounded, and if X is uniformly convex, then Z a (C, { x t } t G ) consists only of a single point, {z}= Z a (C, { x t } t G ), i.e., zC is the unique point which minimizes the functional

lim sup G t x t x

over xC.

2.4 Normal structure

Normal structure plays a key role in some problems of metric fixed point theory. Let C be a nonempty bounded subset of a Banach space X. We denote by

diam(C)= sup x , y C xy,

the diameter of C. Put

r C (C)= inf x C { sup y C x y } .

This nonnegative real number is called the Chebyshev radius of C relative to itself. The normal structure coefficient N(X) of a Banach space X is defined [25] by

N ( X ) = inf { diam ( C ) r C ( C ) : C  is nonempty bounded convex subset of  X  with  diam ( C ) > 0 } .

The space X is said to have the uniformly normal structure if N(X)>1. It is well known that, for every uniformly convex Banach space X, N(X)>1. A weakly convergent sequence coefficient of X is defined (see [25]) by

WCS(X)=sup { k : k lim sup n x n < diam a ( { x n } )  for all  { x n }  in  X  with  x n 0 } .

It is proved in [[26], Theorem 1] that

WCS(X)=β(X):=inf { D [ { x n } ] : x n 0 , x n 1 } ,

where D[{ x n }]:= lim sup m ( lim sup n x m x n ). It is readily seen that

1N(X)WCS(X)2.

The space X is said to have the weak uniformly normal structure if WCS(X)>1. If X is a reflexive Banach space with modulus of convexity δ X , then

1 1 δ X ( 1 ) N(X)WCS(X).

Thus, if X is a uniformly convex Banach space, then WCS(X)>1 and also the equation

α 2 WCS ( X ) δ X 1 ( 1 1 α ) =1

has a unique solution α>1. A general formula for WCS(X) in an arbitrary Banach space is not known. In particular, it has been calculated that for a Hilbert space H,

WCS(H)= 2 ;

for p (1p<),

WCS( p )= 2 1 / p

and for ,

WCS( )=1.

Remark 2.3 p is an example of a reflexive Banach space such that N(X) and WCS(X) are different. Indeed,

N( p )= 2 ( p 1 ) / p < 2 1 / p =WCS( p ),for 1<p<2.

A Banach space X is said to satisfy the Opial condition, if whenever a sequence { x n } in X converges weakly to x, then

lim inf n x n x< lim inf n x n yfor all yX{x}.

The Opial modulus r X of X is defined by

r X (c)=inf { lim inf n x n + x 1 } ,

where c>0 and the infimum is taken over all xX with xc and all sequences { x n } in X such that w lim n x n =0 and lim inf n x n 1. For any Banach space X, we have the following inequality:

1+ r X (1)WCS(X).

3 Nonemptiness of common fixed-point sets

First, we introduce some wider classes of semigroups.

Definition 3.1 Let C be a nonempty subset of a normed space X and F:={T(t):tG} a strongly continuous semigroup of mappings from C into itself. The semigroup is said to be nearly Lipschitzian if there exist a function a():G[0,) with lim t a(t)=0 and a function η():G(0,) such that

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y η ( T ( t ) ) ( x y + a ( t ) ) for all x,yC and tG.

For a nearly Lipschitzian semigroup , we write

η(F):= lim inf t η ( T ( t ) ) .

We say is

  1. (a)

    pointwise nearly Lipschitzian if for each tG, there exist a function a():G[0,) with lim t a(t)=0 and a function α t ():C(0,) such that

    T ( t ) x T ( t ) y α t (x) ( x y + a ( t ) ) for all x,yC;
  2. (b)

    pointwise nearly uniformly α()-Lipschitzian if there exist a function a():G[0,) with lim t a(t)=0 and a function α():C(0,) such that

    T ( t ) x T ( t ) y α(x) ( x y + a ( t ) ) for all x,yC;
  3. (c)

    asymptotic pointwise nearly Lipschitzian if for each tG, there exist a function a():G[0,) with lim t a(t)=0 and two functions α t (),α():C(0,) with lim t α t =α pointwise such that

    T ( t ) x T ( t ) y α t (x) ( x y + a ( t ) ) for all x,yC.

We say that an asymptotic pointwise nearly Lipschitzian semigroup is pointwise nearly asymptotically nonexpansive (pointwise asymptotically nonexpansive) if α t (x)1 for all tG and lim t α t =1 pointwise (a(t)=0 and α t (x)1 for all tG and α t (x)1 pointwise). Further, we say that an asymptotic pointwise nearly Lipschitzian semigroup is asymptotic pointwise nearly contractive if α t α pointwise and α(x)k<1 for all xC. The semigroup is said to be nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian if there exist a constant L[0,) and a function a():G[0,) with lim t a(t)=0 such that

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y L ( x y + a ( t ) ) for all x,yC.

The nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian semigroup will be called nearly nonexpansive semigroup.

Before presenting the main result of this section, we give another definition:

Definition 3.2 Let C be a nonempty weakly compact convex subset of Banach space X, F:={T(t):tG} a strongly continuous semigroup of mappings from C into itself. A nonempty closed convex subset D of C is said to satisfy property (ω) with respect to semigroup if

(ω) ω F (x)D for every xD,

where ω F (x) denotes the set of all weak limits of {T( t n )x:nN} as t n .

The semigroup is said to satisfy the (ω)-fixed point property if has a common fixed point in every nonempty closed convex subset D of C which satisfies property (ω).

We now establish that a semigroup of a certain class of Lipschitzian type mappings satisfies the (ω)-fixed point property.

Theorem 3.3 Let X be a Banach space with weak uniformly normal structure, C a nonempty weakly compact convex subset of X and F={T(t):tG} a strongly continuous semigroup of demicontinuous mappings from C into itself. Suppose that for each tG, there exist a function a():G[0,) with lim t a(t)=0 and two functions α t (),α():C(0,) with lim t α t =α pointwise and sup x C α(x)< WCS ( X ) such that

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y α t (x) ( x y + a ( t ) ) for all x,yC.

Also suppose that there exists a nonempty closed convex subset M of C which satisfies property (ω) with respect to . Then:

  1. (a)

    For arbitrary x 0 M, there exist a sequence { t n } in G with lim n t n = and an iterative sequence { x m } in M defined by

    x m =w lim n T( t n ) x m 1 for allmN.
    (3.1)
  2. (b)

    If is asymptotically regular on C, then there exists an element x MFix(F) such that { x m } converges strongly to x .

Proof (a) Since one can easily construct a nonempty closed convex separable subset C 0 of C which is invariant under each T(t) (i.e., T(t)( C 0 ) C 0 for tG), we may assume that C itself is separable.

The separability of C 0 makes it possible to select a sequence {T( t n )x} of { T ( t ) x } t G such that

{ T ( t n ) x }  is weakly convergent for every xC

and

lim n α t n (x)=α(x)for every xC.

For any x 0 MC, consider a sequence {T( t n ) x 0 } in C. Suppose w lim n T( t n ) x 0 = x 1 C. Using property (ω), we obtain that x 1 M. Now we can construct a sequence { x m } in M in the following way:

{ x 0 M arbitrary , x m = w lim n T ( t n ) x m 1 for all  m N .
  1. (b)

    The weak asymptotic regularity of ensures that x m =w lim n T( t n + t r ) x m 1 , t r G. We now show that { x m } converges strongly to a common fixed point of . Set

    L:= sup x C α(x), D m := lim sup n x m T ( t n ) x m

and

R m := lim sup n x m + 1 T ( t n ) x m

for all m=0,1,2, . By the property of WCS(X), we have

R m = lim sup n x m + 1 T ( t n ) x m 1 WCS ( X ) D [ { T ( t n ) x m } ] .
(3.2)

By the asymptotic regularity of and the w-l.s.c. of the norm , we have

D m = lim sup r x m T ( t r ) x m lim sup r ( lim sup s T ( t s ) x m 1 T ( t r ) x m ) lim sup r ( lim sup s ( T ( t s ) x m 1 T ( t r + t s ) x m 1 + T ( t r + t s ) x m 1 T ( t r ) x m ) ) lim sup r ( lim sup s ( α t r ( x m ) ( T ( t s ) x m 1 x m + a ( t r ) ) ) ) = α ( x m ) lim sup s T ( t s ) x m 1 x m L R m 1 .

On the other hand, by the asymptotic regularity of , we have

D [ { T ( t n ) x m } ] = lim sup n ( lim sup r T ( t n ) x m T ( t r ) x m ) lim sup n ( lim sup r ( T ( t n ) x m T ( t n + t r ) x m + T ( t n + t r ) x m T ( t r ) x m ) ) lim sup n ( lim sup r ( α t n ( x m ) ( x m T ( t r ) x m + a ( t n ) ) ) ) = L D m L 2 R m 1 .

Set λ:= L 2 WCS ( X ) <1. From (3.2), we obtain

R m λ R m 1 λ 2 R m 2 λ m R 0 0as m.

For any mN, one can see that

x m + 1 x m lim sup n ( x m + 1 T ( t n ) x m + T ( t n ) x m x m ) R m + D m = R m + L R m 1 ( λ + L ) R m 1 ( λ + L ) λ m 1 R 0 ,
(3.3)

so it follows that { x m } is a Cauchy sequence in M. Let lim m x m =vM. Observe that

v T ( t n ) v v x m + 1 + x m + 1 T ( t n ) x m + T ( t n ) x m T ( t n ) v v x m + 1 + x m + 1 T ( t n ) x m + α t n ( x m ) ( x m v + a ( t n ) ) .

Taking the limit superior as n on both sides, we get

lim sup n v T ( t n ) v v x m + 1 + R m + α ( x m ) x m v v x m + 1 + R m + L x m v 0 as  m .

Hence lim n T( t n )v=v. Let tG. Note T( t n )vv, so it follows from the demicontinuity of T(t) that T(t)T( t n )vT(t)v. Observe that T(t)T( t n )v=T(t+ t n )vv. By the uniqueness of the weak limit of { T ( t ) T ( t n ) v } n N , we have T(t)v=v. Therefore, vMFix(F). □

Theorem 3.3 generalizes the result due to Górnicki [27] in the context of the (ω)-fixed point property for a wider class of mappings. Theorem 3.3 also extends corresponding results of Sahu, Agarwal and O’Regan [18], Sahu, Liu and Kang [28] and Sahu, Petruşel and Yao [29] for asymptotic pointwise nearly Lipschitzian semigroups. As N(X)WCS(X), and there are Banach spaces for which N(X)=1 while WCS(X)>1, the following result is an improvement on Casini and Maluta [16] and Lim and Xu [[17], Theorem 1].

Corollary 3.4 Let X be a Banach space with weak uniformly normal structure, C a nonempty weakly compact convex subset of X and F={T(t):tG} a strongly continuous semigroup of demicontinuous nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian of mappings from C into itself. Suppose that L< WCS ( X ) and that there exists a nonempty closed convex subset M of C which satisfies property (ω) with respect to . Then:

  1. (a)

    For arbitrary x 0 M, there exist a sequence { t n } in G with lim n t n = and an iterative sequence { x m } in M defined by

    x m =w lim n T( t n ) x m 1 for allmN.
  2. (b)

    If is asymptotically regular on C, then there exists an element x MFix(F) such that { x m } converges strongly to x .

Corollary 3.5 Let X be a Banach space with weak uniformly normal structure, C a nonempty weakly compact convex subset of X and F={T(t):tG} a strongly continuous semigroup of demicontinuous nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian asymptotically regular mappings from C into itself such that L< WCS ( X ) . Then has a common fixed point in C.

4 Common fixed-point sets as Lipschitzian retracts

Theorem 4.1 Let X be a uniformly Banach space with the Opial condition, C a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of X and F={T(t):tG} a strongly continuous semigroup of demicontinuous mappings from C into itself. Suppose that there exists a function a():G[0,) with lim t a(t)=0 such that

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y η ( T ( t ) ) ( x y + a ( t ) ) for allx,yC,

where η(T(t))(0,) with η(F):= lim inf t η(T(t))< WCS ( X ) . Also suppose that is asymptotically regular on C. Then Fix(F) and Fix(F) is η(F)-Lipschitzian retract of C.

Proof Using similar arguments as in the proof of Theorem 3.3(a), we may select a sequence {T( t n )x} of { T ( t ) x } t G such that lim n η(T( t n ))=η(F) and

{ T ( t n ) x }  is weakly convergent for every xC.

Let A:CC denote a mapping which associates with a given xC a unique z Z a (C, { T ( t ) x } t G ), that is, z=Ax. Since Ax=w lim n T( t n )x for all xC, it follows from the lower weak semi-continuity of the norm that

AxAyη(F)xyfor all x,yC,

i.e., A is η(F)-Lipschitzian mapping. It follows that A is uniformly continuous.

For any x= x 0 C, consider a sequence {T( t n ) x 0 } in C. Suppose w lim n T( t n ) x 0 = x 1 C. Now we can construct a sequence { x m } in C in the following way:

{ x = x 0 C arbitrary , x m = w lim n T ( t n ) x m 1 for all  m N .
(4.1)

From (4.1), we have

x m + 1 =A x m for all m N 0 .

Set L:=η(F), λ:= L 2 WCS ( X ) <1, D m := lim sup n x m T( t n ) x m and R m := lim sup n x m + 1 T( t n ) x m for all m=0,1,2, . From (3.3), we have

A m + 1 x A m x = x m + 1 x m ( λ + L ) λ m 1 R 0 ( λ + L ) λ m 1 diam ( C )

for xC and mN. It follows that

m = 1 sup x C A m + 1 x A m x <.

Thus, the sequence { A m x} converges uniformly to a function Q defined by

Qx= lim m A m xfor all xC.

For x= x 0 , we have

Q x T ( t n ) Q x Q x x m + x m T ( t n ) x m + T ( t n ) x m T ( t n ) Q x Q x x m + x m T ( t n ) x m + η ( T ( t n ) ) ( x m Q x + a ( t n ) ) .

Taking the limit superior as n, we get

lim sup n Q x T ( t n ) Q x ( 1 + η ( F ) ) x m Qx+ D m 0as m.

Hence lim n T( t n )Qx=Qx. Let sG. From the demicontinuity of T(s), we obtain that T(s)Qx=Qx. One can see that T(s)Qx=Qx for all sG. Thus, T(s)Qx=Qx for all xC and sG. Therefore, Q is a retraction of C onto Fix(F). □

Corollary 4.2 Let X be a uniformly Banach space with the Opial condition, C a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of X and T:CC a demicontinuous asymptotically regular nearly Lipschitzian mapping such that η (T):= lim inf n η( T n )< WCS ( X ) . Then Fix(T) and Fix(T) is a η (T)-Lipschitzian retract of C.

One sees from Theorem 4.1 that if η(F)=1, then Fix(F) is a nonexpansive retract of C. In the next section, we show that Fix(F) is a sunny nonexpansive retract of C when F={T(t):t R + } a strongly continuous semigroup of asymptotically pseudo-contractive mappings (see Theorem 5.6).

5 Common fixed-point sets as sunny nonexpansive retracts

Let C be a nonempty subset of a Banach space X and F={T(t):tG} a semigroup of mappings from C into itself. A sequence { x n } in C is said to an approximating fixed point sequence of if lim n ( x n T(t) x n )=0 for all tG. The family {IT(t):tG} is demiclosed at zero if { y n } is a sequence in C weakly converging to zC and lim n ( x n T(t) y n )=0 for all tG imply z=T(t)z for all tG. Following [18], we say that has property (A) if for every bounded set { x t } t G in C, we have

lim t x t T ( t ) x t =0implies lim t x t T ( s ) x t =0for all sG.

In [30], Schu introduced the concept of asymptotically pseudo-contractive mapping as follows:

Let H be a real Hilbert space whose inner product and norm are denoted by , and respectively. Let C be a nonempty subset of H and T:CC a mapping. Then T is called an asymptotically pseudo-contractive mapping if there exists a sequence { k n } in [1,) with lim n k n =1 such that

T n x T n y , x y k n x y 2 for all x,yC and nN.

The class of asymptotically pseudo-contractive mappings contain properly the class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. The following example shows that a continuous asymptotically pseudo-contractive mapping is not necessarily asymptotically nonexpansive.

Example 5.1 Let X=R and C=[0,1]. Define T:CC by

Tx= ( 1 x 2 / 3 ) 3 / 2 ,xC.

Note that T is a pseudo-contractive mapping which is not Lipschitzian (see [31]). Since T is not Lipschitzian, it is not asymptotically nonexpansive. It is shown in [30] that T is an asymptotically pseudo-contractive mapping with sequence {1}.

Let F={T(t):tG} be a semigroup of mappings from C into itself. Then is said to be pseudo-contractive if

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y , x y x y 2 for all x,yC and tG.

Remark 5.2

  1. (i)

    The semigroup is pseudo-contractive if and only if the following holds:

    T ( t ) x T ( t ) y 2 x y 2 + x T ( t ) x ( y T ( t ) y ) 2 for all x,yC and tG.
  2. (ii)

    Every nonexpansive semigroup must be a continuously pseudo-contractive semigroup.

We say is asymptotically pseudo-contractive if there exists a function k():G[1,) with lim t k(t)=1 such that

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y , x y k(t) x y 2 for all x,yC and tG.

Example 5.3 Let X=R, b(0,1), C=[0,1] and G=[0,). For t>0, define T(t):CC by

T(t)x={ b t x , if  x [ 0 , 1 / 2 ] ; 0 , if  x ( 1 / 2 , 0 ]

and define

T(0)x=x,xC.

Set C 1 :=[0,1/2] and C 2 :=(1/2,1]. Note that

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y , x y = b t |xy | 2 |xy | 2 for all x,y C 1  and t>0

and

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y , x y =0|xy | 2 for all x,y C 2  and t>0.

For x C 1 and y C 2 , we have xy0, and hence

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y , x y = ( b t x 0 ) (xy)0|xy | 2 for all t>0.

Thus,

T ( t ) x T ( t ) y , x y |xy | 2 for all x,yC and t0.

Therefore, F={T(t):t0} is an asymptotically pseudo-contractive semigroup with function k=1. Moreover, for each t>0, T(t) is discontinuous at x=1/2 and hence is not a Lipschitzian semigroup.

We begin with the following:

Theorem 5.4 (Demiclosedness Principle)

Let C be a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of a real Hilbert space H. Let F={T(t):tG} be a strongly continuous semigroup of uniformly continuous nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian asymptotically pseudo-contractive mappings from C into itself. Then the family {IT(t):tG} is demiclosed at zero.

Proof Assume that { y n } is a sequence in C weakly converging to z and lim n ( y n T(s) y n )=0 for all sG. Let tG with t0 and let { t m } be a sequence in G defined by t m =mt for all mN. Notice that zC. Fix α(0,1/(1+L)) and define

z m =(1α)z+αT( t m )zfor all mN.

Since T is uniformly continuous, we have y n T( t m )z0 as n for fixed mN.

Indeed, for fixed mN, we have

y n T ( t m ) y n y n T ( t ) y n + T ( t ) y n T ( 2 t ) y n + + T ( ( m 1 ) t ) y n T ( m t ) y n

for all nN. Since is a uniformly continuous semigroup, it follows that lim n y n T( t m ) y n =0 for each fixed mN. Noticing that is an asymptotically pseudo-contractive semigroup, for fixed mN, we have

z z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) z m = z y n , ( I T ( t m ) ) z m + y n z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) z m = z y n , ( I T ( t m ) ) z m + y n z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) z m ( I T ( t m ) ) y n + y n z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) y n z y n , ( I T ( t m ) ) z m + ( k ( t n ) 1 ) y n z m 2 + y n z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) y n .
(5.1)

Since y n z and lim n y n T( t m ) y n =0, it follows from (5.1) that

z z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) z m ( k ( t n ) 1 ) diam(C).

Note that

z T ( t m ) z 2 = z T ( t m ) z , z T ( t m ) z = 1 α z z m , z T ( t m ) z = 1 α z z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) z ( I T ( t m ) ) z m + ( I T ( t m ) ) z m = 1 α [ z z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) z ( I T ( t m ) ) z m + z z m , ( I T ( t m ) ) z m ] 1 α [ z z m 2 + z z m T ( t m ) z T ( t m ) z m + ( k ( t m ) 1 ) diam ( C ) ] 1 α [ z z m 2 + L z z m ( z z m + a ( t m ) ) + ( k ( t m ) 1 ) diam ( C ) ] 1 α [ α 2 ( 1 + L ) z T ( t m ) z 2 + ( a ( t m ) L + k ( t m ) 1 ) diam ( C ) ] ,

which implies that

α [ 1 α ( 1 + L ) ] z T ( t m ) z 2 ( a ( t m ) L + k ( t m ) 1 ) diam(C)for all mN.
(5.2)

Letting m in (5.2), we obtain that T( t m )zz. It follows from the continuity of T(t) that

z= lim m T(t+ t m )z= lim m T(t)T( t m )z=T(t)z.

Therefore, z=T(t)z for all tG. □

The following result extends the celebrated convergence theorem of Browder [32] and many results concerning Browder’s convergence theorem to a semigroup of uniformly continuous nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian asymptotically pseudo-contractive mappings.

Theorem 5.5 Let C be a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of a real Hilbert space H and F={T(t):t R + } a strongly continuous semigroup of uniformly continuous nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian asymptotically pseudo-contractive mappings from C into itself. Let { b n } be a sequence in (0,1) and { t n } a sequence in (0,) such that k( t n )1< b n for all nN, lim n b n = lim n k ( t n ) 1 b n =0 and lim n t n =. Then:

  1. (a)

    There exists a sequence { y n } in C defined by

    y n = b n u+(1 b n )T( t n ) y n ,nN.
    (5.3)
  2. (b)

    If has property (A), then Fix(F) and { y n } converges strongly to y Fix(F) such that

    y u , y v 0for allvFix(F).
    (5.4)

Proof (a) Let F={T(t):t R + } be a strongly continuous semigroup of asymptotically pseudo-contractive mappings with a net {k(t):t(0,)}. Set ϱ n := k ( t n ) 1 b n . Note k( t n )1< b n for all nN, it follows that ϱ n <1k( t n ) and hence (1 b n )k( t n )<1 for all nN. Then, for each nN, the mapping G n :CC defined by

G n y:= b n u+(1 b n )T( t n )y,yC

is continuous and strongly pseudo-contractive. Indeed, for x, y in C, we have

G n x G n y , x y = ( 1 b n ) T ( t n ) x T ( t n ) y , x y ( 1 b n ) k ( t n ) x y 2 .

Therefore, by Lemma 2.1, there exists a sequence { y n } in C described by (5.3).

  1. (b)

    Assume that has property (A). From (5.3), we have y n T( t n ) y n 0 as n. The property (A) of gives that y n T(t) y n 0 as n for all t>0. Since { y n } is bounded, we can assume that a subsequence { y n i } of { y n } such that y n i z for some zC. By Theorem 5.4, we have zFix(F).

For vFix(F), we have

y n T ( t n ) y n , y n v = y n v + T ( t n ) v T ( t n ) y n , y n v ( k ( t n ) 1 ) y n v 2 .

From (5.3), we have

y n u , y n v = ( 1 b n ) T ( t n ) y n u , y n v = ( 1 b n ) T ( t n ) y n y n + y n u , y n v ,

so it follows that

y n u , y n v 1 b n b n T ( t n ) y n y n , y n v ( 1 b n ) ϱ n y n v 2 .
(5.5)

Since lim n ϱ n =0 and C is bounded, it follows from (5.5) that

lim sup n y n u, y n v0for all vFix(F).
(5.6)

We claim that the set { y n } is sequentially compact. For vFix(F), we have

y n v 2 = b n ( u v ) + ( 1 b n ) ( T ( t n ) y n v ) , y n v b n u v , y n v + ( 1 b n ) k ( t n ) y n v 2 ,

which implies that

y n v 2 b n 1 ( 1 b n ) k ( t n ) uv, y n v.
(5.7)

By the weak compactness of C, there exists a weakly convergent subsequence { y n i }{ y n }. Suppose that y n i y C as i. Since { y n } is an approximating fixed point sequence of , we infer from Theorem 5.4 that y Fix(F). In (5.7), interchange v and y to obtain that

y n i y 2 b n i 1 ( 1 b n i ) k ( t n i ) u y , y n i y .

Since y n i y , we get that y n i y . Hence the set { y n } is sequentially compact.

Next, we show that y n y . Suppose, for contradiction, that { y n j } is another subsequence of { y n } such that y n j z y . It is easy to see that z Fix(F). Observe that

| y n u , y n z y u , y z | | y n u , y n z y u , y n z | + | y u , y n z y u , y z | y n u ( y u ) y n z + | y u , y n y | for all  n N .

Since y n i y , we get

y n i u , y n i z y u , y z .

From (5.6), we obtain

y u , y z 0.
(5.8)

Similarly, we have

z u , z y 0.
(5.9)

Adding inequalities (5.8) and (5.9) yields

y z , y z 0,

a contradiction. In a similar way it can be shown that each cluster point of the sequence { y n } is equal to y . Therefore, the entire sequence { y n } converges strongly to y . It is easy to see, from (5.6), that the inequality (5.4) holds. □

Theorem 5.6 Let C be a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of a real Hilbert space H and F={T(t):t R + } a strongly continuous semigroup of uniformly continuous nearly uniformly L-Lipschitzian asymptotically pseudo-contractive mappings from C into itself. Suppose that has property (A). Then Fix(F) and Fix(F) is a sunny nonexpansive retract of C.

Proof Assume that F={T(t):t R + } is a semigroup of asymptotically pseudo-contractive mappings from C into itself with a function k(): R + [1,) with lim t k(t)=1. Without loss of generality, we may assume that { b n } in (0,1) and { t n } in (0,) such that k( t n )1< b n for all nN, lim n b n = lim n k ( t n ) 1 b n =0 and lim n t n =. Then, for an arbitrarily fixed element uC, there exists a sequence { y n } in C defined by (5.3). By Theorem 5.5(b), Fix(F).

By Theorem 5.5(b), { y n } converges strongly to an element y Fix(F) such that the inequality (5.4) holds. Define a mapping Q:CFix(F) by

Qu= lim n y n ,uC.

In view of (5.4), we have

Quu,Quv0for all uC and vFix(F).

Therefore, by Lemma 2.2, we conclude that Q is sunny nonexpansive. □

6 Application

Let C be a nonempty convex subset of a real Hilbert space H and D a nonempty subset of C. For a nonlinear mapping F:CH, the variational inequality problem VIP(F,C) over D is to find a point x D such that

F x , v x 0for all vD.

It is important to note that the theory of variational inequalities has played an important role in the study of many diverse disciplines, for example, partial differential equations, optimal control, optimization, mathematical programming, mechanics, finance, etc.; see, for example, [33, 34] and references therein.

We now turn our attention to dealing with the problem of the existence of solutions of VIP(C,F) by sunny nonexpansive retractions.

Following Wong, Sahu and Yao [[35], Proposition 4.6], one can show that the variational inequality problem VIP(C,F) with F=If is equivalent to the fixed point problem. Indeed,

Proposition 6.1 Let C be a nonempty convex subset of a smooth Banach space X and F={T(t):t R + } a strongly continuous semigroup of mappings from C into itself with Fix(F). Let f:CC be a mapping with F=If and let Q be the sunny nonexpansive retraction from C onto Fix(F). Then x is a solution of variational inequality problem VIP(C,F) over Fix(F) if and only if x is a fixed point of Qf.

The following result improves the so-called viscosity approximation method which was first introduced by Moudafi [36] from nonexpansive mappings to a semigroup of pseudo-contractive mappings.

Theorem 6.2 Let C be a nonempty closed convex bounded subset of a real Hilbert space H, f:CC a weakly contractive mapping with function ψ and F={T(t):t R + } a strongly continuous semigroup of uniformly continuous pseudo-contractive mappings from C into itself. Suppose that has property (A) and is nearly nonexpansive with function a:[0,)[0,). Let { b n } be a sequence in (0,1) and { t n } a sequence in (0,) such that lim n b n = lim n a ( t n ) b n =0 and lim n t n =. Then, we have the following:

  1. (a)

    The variational inequality problem VIP(C,If) over Fix(F) has a unique solution in Fix(F).

  2. (b)

    There exists a sequence { y n } in C defined by

    y n = b n f( y n )+(1 b n )T( t n ) y n ,nN
    (6.1)

such that { y n } converges strongly to the unique solution of the variational inequality problem VIP(C,If).

Proof (a) By Theorem 5.6, there is a sunny nonexpansive retraction Q from C onto Fix(F). Since Qf is a weakly contractive mapping from C into itself, it follows from Rhoades [[39], Theorem 1] that there exists a unique element x C such that x =Qf x . Note x C is an element of Fix(F). It follows from Proposition 6.1 that x is the unique solution of the variational inequality problem VIP(C,If) over Fix(F).

  1. (b)

    For each nN, the mapping F n :CC defined by

    F n y:= b n fy+(1 b n )T( t n )y,yC

is continuous and strongly pseudo-contractive. In fact, for all x,yC and nN, we have

F n x F n y , x y = b n f x f y , x y + ( 1 b n ) T ( t n ) x T ( t n ) y , x y b n f x f y x y + ( 1 b n ) x y 2 b n [ x y ψ ( x y ) ] x y + ( 1 b n ) x y 2 = x y 2 b n ψ ( x y ) x y .

Hence each F n is continuous b n ψ-strongly pseudo-contractive. Therefore, by [37, 38], there exists a sequence { y n } in C described by (6.1). As in Theorem 5.5(a), we may define a sequence { z n } in C by

z n = b n f x +(1 b n )T( t n ) z n for all nN.

By Theorem 5.5, we have that z n x =Qf x . Observe that

y n z n b n f y n f x + ( 1 b n ) T ( t n ) y n T ( t n ) z n b n ( f y n f z n + f z n f x ) + ( 1 b n ) T ( t n ) y n T ( t n ) z n b n ( y n z n ψ ( y n z n ) + z n x ψ ( z n x ) ) + ( 1 b n ) ( y n z n + a ( t n ) ) y n z n b n ψ ( y n z n ) + b n z n x + a ( t n ) .

It follows that

ψ ( y n z n ) z n x + a ( t n ) b n for all nN.

Thus, y n z n 0. Therefore, x n x =Qf x . □

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DRS designed of the study, performed the nonlinear analysis and also wrote the article. DO participated in the design of the study, carried out the materials and helped to check the manuscript. RA conceived of the study, participated in its design and also helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Sahu, D., Agarwal, R. & O’Regan, D. The structure of fixed-point sets of Lipschitzian type semigroups. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 163 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-163

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