- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
Existence of Fixed Points of Firmly Nonexpansive-Like Mappings in Banach Spaces
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2010, Article number: 512751 (2010)
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to obtain some existence theorems related to a hybrid projection method and a hybrid shrinking projection method for firmly nonexpansive-like mappings (mappings of type (P)) in a Banach space. The class of mappings of type (P) contains the classes of resolvents of maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces and firmly nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces.
1. Introduction
Many problems in optimization, such as convex minimization problems, variational inequality problems, minimax problems, and equilibrium problems, can be formulated as the problem of solving the inclusion
for a maximal monotone operator defined in a Banach space see, for example, [1–5] for convex minimization problems, [3, 5, 6] for variational inequality problems, [3, 5, 7] for minimax problems, and [8] for equilibrium problems. It is also known that the problem can be regarded as a fixed point problem for a firmly nonexpansive mapping in the Hilbert space setting. In fact, if is a Hilbert space and : is a maximal monotone operator, then the resolvent of is a single-valued firmly nonexpansive mapping of onto the domain of that is, : is onto and
for all Further, the set of fixed points of coincides with that of solutions to (1.1); see, for example, [5].
In 2000, Solodov and Svaiter [9] proved the following strong convergence theorem for maximal monotone operators in Hilbert spaces.
Theorem 1.1 (see [9]).
Let be a Hilbert space, a maximal monotone operator such that is nonempty, and the resolvent of defined by for all Let be a sequence defined by
for all where is a sequence of positive real numbers such that and denotes the metric projection of onto for all . Then converges strongly to
This method is sometimes called a hybrid projection method; see also Bauschke and Combettes [10] on more general results for a class of nonlinear operators including that of resolvents of maximal monotone operators in Hilbert spaces. Ohsawa and Takahashi [11] obtained a generalization of Theorem 1.1 for maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces.
Many authors have investigated several types of hybrid projection methods since then; see, for example, [12–30] and references therein. In particular, Kamimura and Takahashi [17] obtained another generalization of Theorem 1.1 for maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces. Bauschke and Combettes [16] and Otero and Svaiter [25] also obtained generalizations of Theorem 1.1 with Bregman functions in Banach spaces. Matsushita and Takahashi [20] obtained a generalization of Ohsawa and Takahashi's theorem [11] and some existence theorems for their iterative method.
Recently, Aoyama et al. [31] discussed some properties of mappings of typeand in Banach spaces. These are all generalizations of firmly nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces. It is known that the classes of mappings of type (P), (Q), and (R) correspond to three types of resolvents of monotone operators in Banach spaces, respectively, [31, 32].
The aim of this paper is to investigate a hybrid projection method and a hybrid shrinking projection method introduced in [30] for a single mapping of type (P) in a Banach space; see (2.2) for the definition of mappings of type (P). Using the techniques in [12, 20, 21] we show that the sequences generated by these methods are well defined without assuming the existence of fixed points. We also show that the boundedness of the generated sequences is equivalent to the existence of fixed points of mappings of type (P).
2. Preliminaries
Throughout the present paper, every linear space is real. We denote the set of positive integers by Let be a Banach space with norm Then the dual space of is denoted by The norm of is also denoted by For and we denote by For a sequence of and , strong convergence of and weak convergence of to are denoted by and respectively. The normalized duality mapping is defined by
for all . The space is said to be smooth if exists for all , where denotes the unit sphere of . The space is also said to be strictly convex if whenever and . It is also said to be uniformly convex if for all there exists such that and imply The space is said to have the Kadec-Klee property if whenever is a sequence of such that and . We know the following (see, e.g., [4, 33, 34]).
(i) is smooth if and only if is single-valued. In this case, is demicontinuous, that is, norm-to-wea continuous.
(ii)If is smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive, then is single-valued, one-to-one, and onto.
(iii)If is uniformly convex, then is a strictly convex and reflexive Banach space which has the Kadec-Klee property.
Let be a strictly convex and reflexive Banach space, a nonempty closed convex subset of and Then there exists a unique such that The mapping defined by for all is called the metric projection of onto We know that if and only if and for all
Let be a nonempty subset of a Banach space and a mapping. Then the set of fixed points of is denoted by A point is said to be an asymptotic fixed point of [35] if there exists a sequence of such that and The set of asymptotic fixed points of is denoted by The mapping is said to be nonexpansive if for all . The identity mapping on is denoted by
Let be a smooth Banach space, a nonempty subset of , and a mapping. Following [31], we say that is of type (P) if
for all If is a Hilbert space, then and hence is of type (P) if and only if is firmly nonexpansive, that is,
for all . We know that if is a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space then the metric projection of onto is of type (P) and
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space and a mapping. The graph of , the domain of , and the range of are defined by and respectively. The mapping is said to be monotone if for all and . It is known that if is monotone, then the resolvent of is a single-valued mapping of onto and of type (P), and moreover, see [31]. A monotone operator is said to be maximal monotone if whenever is a monotone operator and . By Rockafellar's result [6], if is maximal monotone, then the resolvent of is a mapping of onto ; see [4, 36] for more details.
We know the following.
Lemma 2.1 (see [14]).
Let be a smooth Banach space, a nonempty subset of and a mapping of type (P). Then the following hold.
(1)If is closed and convex, then so is
(2)
Theorem 2.2 (see [31]).
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space, a nonempty subset of and a mapping of type (P). Then the following hold.
(1)If is a sequence of such that then and
(2)If has the Kadec-Klee property, then is norm-to-norm continuous.
(3) If is uniformly convex, then is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on each nonempty bounded subset of
Theorem 2.3 (see [31]).
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space, a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of and a mapping of type (P). Then is nonempty. Furthermore, if is a self-mapping, then is nonempty.
Lemma 2.4 (see [14]).
Let be a smooth and uniformly convex Banach space, and sequences of nonempty closed convex subsets of , and a sequence of such that and for all Then the following hold.
(1)If is bounded, then
(2)If for all and is nonempty, then is bounded.
Theorem 2.5 (see [14]).
Let be a smooth and uniformly convex Banach space, a nonempty closed convex subset of and a sequence of mappings of type (P) of into itself such that is nonempty. Suppose that each weak subsequential limit of belongs to whenever is a bounded sequence of such that and Let be a sequence defined by , and
for all . Then converges strongly to
Let be a reflexive Banach space and a sequence of nonempty closed convex subsets of Then subsets and of are defined as follows.
(i) if there exists a sequence of such that for all and
(ii) if there exists a subsequence of and a sequence of such that for all and
The sequence is said to be Mosco convergent to a subset of if holds. We represent this by We know that if is a sequence of nonempty closed convex subsets of such that for all and is nonempty, then We also know the following theorem.
Theorem 2.6 (see [37]).
Let be a strictly convex and reflexive Banach space and a sequence of nonempty closed convex subsets of such that exists and nonempty. Then converges weakly to for all Furthermore, if has the Kadec-Klee property, then converges strongly to for all .
Kimura et al. [18] obtained the following strong convergence theorem by using Theorem 2.6; see also Kimura and Takahashi [19] for related results which were obtained by using Mosco convergence.
Theorem 2.7 (see [18]).
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space, a nonempty closed convex subset of and a sequence of mappings of into itself such that is nonempty. Suppose that there exists a sequence of such that
for all , and Let be a sequence defined by
for all Then the following hold.
(1) for all and is well defined.
(2)If has the Kadec-Klee property, , and satisfies the condition that whenever is a sequence of such that and , then converges strongly to .
Using Theorems 2.2 and 2.7, we obtain the following strong convergence theorem for mappings of type (P).
Corollary 2.8.
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space which has the Kadec-Klee property, a nonempty closed convex subset of and a mappings of type (P) such that is nonempty. Let be a sequence defined by
for all Then converges strongly to
Proof.
We first show that defined by for all satisfies (2.5). Let and be given. Since is of type (P), we have
This implies that
Hence satisfies (2.5) with given by for all .
We next show that satisfies the assumption in of Theorem 2.7. Let be a sequence of such that and Since is demicontinuous by of Theorem 2.2, . Hence we have . Therefore, Theorem 2.7 implies the conclusion.
3. Existence Theorems
Using the techniques in [12, 20, 21], we show the following two lemmas.
Lemma 3.1.
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space, a nonempty subset of , a mapping of type (P), and a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of such that . Then there exists such that
for all .
Proof.
By Theorem 2.3, there exists such that This implies that for all Fix Then we have
Since is of type (P), we also know that
Using (3.2) and (3.3), we obtain
Since by putting we obtain the desired result.
Lemma 3.2.
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space, a nonempty closed convex subset of and a mapping of type (P). Let be a sequence defined by
for all Then the following hold.
(1) and is nonempty for all
(2) is well defined.
(3).
Proof.
We first show by induction on It is obvious that and Thus Fix and suppose that for all Then are defined. Note that by the definitions of and This implies that
We next show that is nonempty. Let be a positive real number such that for all and put . It is clear that for all By Lemma 3.1, we have such that for all This implies that
for all and hence The part is a direct consequence of (1).
We finally show By we have
On the other hand, if then, by the assumption that is of type (P), we have
for all Thus Therefore we obtain the desired result.
Similarly, we can also show the following lemma.
Lemma 3.3.
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space, a nonempty closed convex subset of and a mapping of type (P). Let be a sequence defined by
for all Then the following hold.
(1) is nonempty for all
(2) is well defined.
(3)
Proof.
We first show It is obvious that and hence is nonempty. Fix and suppose that is nonempty for all Then are defined. We next show that is nonempty. Let be a positive real number such that for all and put . It is clear that for all . By Lemma 3.1, we have such that for all . This implies that
for all and hence . Part is a direct consequence of Part follows from the assumption that is of type (P).
Using Lemmas 2.4, 3.2, and Theorem 2.5, we can prove the following existence theorem.
Theorem 3.4.
Let be a smooth and uniformly convex Banach space, a nonempty closed convex subset of and a mapping of type (P). Let and be defined by (3.5). Then is well defined and the following are equivalent.
(1) is nonempty.
(2) is nonempty.
(3) is bounded.
(4) converges strongly.
In this case, converges strongly to
Proof.
By of Lemma 3.2, we know that implies We first show that implies Suppose that is nonempty and let and for all It is clear that and for all . By of Lemma 3.2 and assumption, the equality holds and this set is nonempty. Thus, of Lemma 2.4 implies that is bounded.
We next show that implies Suppose that is bounded. Then of Lemma 2.4 implies that Since is reflexive and is weakly closed, there exists a subsequence of such that By and we have
This gives us that By of Lemma 2.1, we get
It follows from Theorem 2.5 that implies that converges strongly to . Thus implies It is obvious that implies This completes the proof.
Using Lemmas 2.4, 3.3, and Corollary 2.8, we can also show the following existence theorem. We employ the methods, based on Mosco convergence, which were developed by Kimura et al. [18] and Kimura and Takahashi [19].
Theorem 3.5.
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space which has the Kadec-Klee property, a nonempty closed convex subset of , and a mapping of type (P). Let and be defined by (3.10). Then is well defined and the following are equivalent.
(1) is nonempty.
(2) is nonempty.
(3) converges strongly.
In this case, converges strongly to Moreover, if is uniformly convex, then these conditions are also equivalent to the following.
(4) is bounded.
Proof.
By of Lemma 3.3, we know that implies We first show that implies Suppose that is nonempty. By this assumption and for all , we know that By Theorem 2.6, converges strongly to This implies that converges strongly to Put Since for all we have
for all By Theorem 2.2, we have and Thus it follows from (3.13) that
This gives us that and hence is nonempty.
Using Corollary 2.8, we know that implies that converges strongly to Hence implies
We next show that implies Suppose that converges strongly to Let Then we have for all Since is closed and we have This gives us that and hence is nonempty.
We next show that implies Suppose that is uniformly convex and is bounded and let and for all Then it is clear that and By of Lemma 2.4, we know that Since is reflexive and is weakly closed, there exists a subsequence of such that Let
for all Since and for all we have
This gives us that By of Lemma 2.1, we get Thus is nonempty. It is obvious that implies This completes the proof.
4. Deduced Results
In this section, we obtain some corollaries of Theorems 3.4 and 3.5. We first deduce the following corollary from Theorem 3.4.
Corollary 4.1.
Let be a smooth and uniformly convex Banach space and a monotone operator such that there exists a nonempty closed convex subset of satisfying Let be the mapping defined by for all and a sequence generated by
for all Then is well defined and the following are equivalent.
(1) is nonempty.
(2) is nonempty.
(3) is bounded.
(4) converges strongly.
In this case, converges strongly to
Proof.
By assumption, we know that : is a mapping of type (P) and Therefore, Theorem 3.4 implies the conclusion.
We can similarly deduce the following corollary from Theorem 3.5; see Kimura and Takahashi [19] for related results.
Corollary 4.2.
Let be a smooth, strictly convex, and reflexive Banach space which has the Kadec-Klee property and a monotone operator such that there exists a nonempty closed convex subset of satisfying . Let be the mapping defined by for all and a sequence generated by
for all . Then is well defined and the following are equivalent.
(1) is nonempty.
(2) is nonempty.
(3) converges strongly.
In this case, converges strongly to Moreover, if is uniformly convex, then these conditions are also equivalent to the following.
(4) is bounded.
As direct consequences of Theorems 3.4 and 3.5, we also obtain the following corollaries.
Corollary 4.3.
Let be a Hilbert space, a nonempty closed convex subset of , and a firmly nonexpansive mapping. Let be a sequence defined by
for all Then is well defined and the following are equivalent.
(1) is nonempty.
(2) is nonempty.
(3) is bounded.
(4) converges strongly.
In this case, converges strongly to .
Corollary 4.4 (see [12]).
Let be a Hilbert space, a nonempty closed convex subset of and a firmly nonexpansive mapping. Let be a sequence defined by
for all Then is well defined and the following are equivalent.
(1) is nonempty.
(2) is nonempty.
(3) is bounded.
(4) converges strongly.
In this case, converges strongly to
Using Corollary 4.3, we next show the following result; see also [21, 24].
Corollary 4.5.
Let be a Hilbert space, a nonempty closed convex subset of , and a nonexpansive mapping. Let be a sequence defined by
for all Then is well defined and the following are equivalent.
(1) is nonempty.
(2) is nonempty.
(3) is bounded.
(4) converges strongly.
In this case, converges strongly to .
Proof.
Let be a mapping defined by Then : is a firmly nonexpansive mapping and . We also know that
for all This implies that for all Thus Corollary 4.3 implies the conclusion.
Using Corollary 4.4, we can similarly show the following result.
Corollary 4.6.
Let be a Hilbert space, a nonempty closed convex subset of and a nonexpansive mapping. Let be a sequence defined by
for all . Then is well defined and the following are equivalent.
(1) is nonempty.
(2) is nonempty.
(3) is bounded.
(4) converges strongly.
In this case, converges strongly to
References
Rockafellar RT: Characterization of the subdifferentials of convex functions. Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1966, 17: 497–510.
Rockafellar RT: On the maximal monotonicity of subdifferential mappings. Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1970, 33: 209–216.
Rockafellar RT: Monotone operators and the proximal point algorithm. SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 1976,14(5):877–898. 10.1137/0314056
Takahashi W: Convex Analysis and Approximation of Fixed Points, Mathematical Analysis Series. Volume 2. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2000:iv+280.
Takahashi W: Introduction to Nonlinear and Convex Analysis. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2009:iv+234.
Rockafellar RT: On the maximality of sums of nonlinear monotone operators. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1970, 149: 75–88. 10.1090/S0002-9947-1970-0282272-5
Rockafellar RT: Monotone operators associated with saddle-functions and minimax problems. In Nonlinear Functional Analysis (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Vol. XVIII, Part 1, Chicago, Ill., 1968). American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, USA; 1970:241–250.
Aoyama K, Kimura Y, Takahashi W: Maximal monotone operators and maximal monotone functions for equilibrium problems. Journal of Convex Analysis 2008,15(2):395–409.
Solodov MV, Svaiter BF: Forcing strong convergence of proximal point iterations in a Hilbert space. Mathematical Programming 2000,87(1):189–202.
Bauschke HH, Combettes PL: A weak-to-strong convergence principle for Fejér-monotone methods in Hilbert spaces. Mathematics of Operations Research 2001,26(2):248–264. 10.1287/moor.26.2.248.10558
Ohsawa S, Takahashi W: Strong convergence theorems for resolvents of maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces. Archiv der Mathematik 2003,81(4):439–445. 10.1007/s00013-003-0508-7
Aoyama K, Kohsaka F, Takahashi W: Shrinking projection methods for firmly nonexpansive mappings. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2009,71(12):e1626-e1632. 10.1016/j.na.2009.02.001
Aoyama K, Kohsaka F, Takahashi W: Strongly relatively nonexpansive sequences in Banach spaces and applications. Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2009,5(2):201–224. 10.1007/s11784-009-0108-7
Aoyama K, Kohsaka F, Takahashi W: Strong convergence theorems for a family of mappings of type and applications. In Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2009:1–17.
Aoyama K, Takahashi W: Strong convergence theorems for a family of relatively nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. Fixed Point Theory 2007,8(2):143–160.
Bauschke HH, Combettes PL: Construction of best Bregman approximations in reflexive Banach spaces. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2003,131(12):3757–3766. 10.1090/S0002-9939-03-07050-3
Kamimura S, Takahashi W: Strong convergence of a proximal-type algorithm in a Banach space. SIAM Journal on Optimization 2002,13(3):938–945. 10.1137/S105262340139611X
Kimura Y, Nakajo K, Takahashi W: Strongly convergent iterative schemes for a sequence of nonlinear mappings. Journal of Nonlinear and Convex Analysis 2008,9(3):407–416.
Kimura Y, Takahashi W: On a hybrid method for a family of relatively nonexpansive mappings in a Banach space. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2009,357(2):356–363. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.03.052
Matsushita S, Takahashi W: A proximal-type algorithm by the hybrid method for maximal monotone operators in a Banach space. In Nonlinear Analysis and Convex Analysis. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2007:355–365.
Matsushita S, Takahashi W: The sequences by the hybrid method and existence of fixed points of nonexpansive mappings in a Hilbert space. In Fixed Point Theory and Its Applications. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2008:109–113.
Nakajo K, Shimoji K, Takahashi W: Weak and strong convergence theorems by Mann's type iteration and the hybrid method in Hilbert spaces. Journal of Nonlinear and Convex Analysis 2003,4(3):463–478.
Nakajo K, Shimoji K, Takahashi W: Strong convergence theorems by the hybrid method for families of nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces. Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics 2006,10(2):339–360.
Nakajo K, Takahashi W: Strong convergence theorems for nonexpansive mappings and nonexpansive semigroups. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2003,279(2):372–379. 10.1016/S0022-247X(02)00458-4
Otero RG, Svaiter BF: A strongly convergent hybrid proximal method in Banach spaces. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2004,289(2):700–711. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2003.09.030
Takahashi H, Takahashi W: Existence theorems and strong convergence theorems by a hybrid method for equilibrium problems in Banach spaces. In Fixed Point Theory and Its Applications. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2008:163–174.
Takahashi W: Fixed point theorems and proximal point algorithms. In Nonlinear Analysis and Convex Analysis. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2003:471–481.
Takahashi W: Convergence theorems and nonlinear projections in Banach spaces. In Banach and Function Spaces. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2004:145–174.
Takahashi W: Proximal point algorithms and four types of nonlinear retractions. In Banach and Function Spaces II. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2008:157–190.
Takahashi W, Takeuchi Y, Kubota R: Strong convergence theorems by hybrid methods for families of nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2008,341(1):276–286. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2007.09.062
Aoyama K, Kohsaka F, Takahashi W: Three generalizations of firmly nonexpansive mappings: their relations and continuity properties. Journal of Nonlinear and Convex Analysis 2009,10(1):131–147.
Kohsaka F, Takahashi W: Fixed point theorems for a class of nonlinear mappings related to maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces. Archiv der Mathematik 2008,91(2):166–177. 10.1007/s00013-008-2545-8
Cioranescu I: Geometry of Banach Spaces, Duality Mappings and Nonlinear Problems, Mathematics and Its Applications. Volume 62. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 1990:xiv+260.
Takahashi W: Nonlinear Functional Analysis, Fixed Point Theory and Its Application. Yokohama Publishers, Yokohama, Japan; 2000:iv+276.
Reich S: A weak convergence theorem for the alternating method with Bregman distances. In Theory and Applications of Nonlinear Operators of Accretive and Monotone Type, Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math.. Volume 178. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA; 1996:313–318.
Barbu V: Nonlinear Semigroups and Differential Equations in Banach Spaces. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucharest, Romania; 1976:352.
Tsukada M: Convergence of best approximations in a smooth Banach space. Journal of Approximation Theory 1984,40(4):301–309. 10.1016/0021-9045(84)90003-0
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to an anonymous referee for valuable comments on the original version of the manuscript. This work is dedicated to Professor Wataru Takahashi on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Aoyama, K., Kohsaka, F. Existence of Fixed Points of Firmly Nonexpansive-Like Mappings in Banach Spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2010, 512751 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/512751
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/512751